Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BCS 151- Perception and Action > Exam #2 > Flashcards

Exam #2 Flashcards

(72 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Binding problem

A

Take local info (pieces) to create big picture, there is separation in features (ex: color, shape) of an object and brain must represent which features belong to same object

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Solutions to binding problem

A

Vision exploits regularities in the environment and knowledge from experience, Gestalt= organized whole, complete pattern

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What did Kohler believe about the binding problem?

A

What we actually perceive are entities such as things, figures (unified vs segregated)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What did Gestalt believe about the binding problem?

A

Organized whole, complete pattern

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Similarity

A

Group based on similar lightness, color, orientation, texture, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Proximity

A

Group shape in certain areas and spacing to create object/pattern

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Common region

A

Group objects in certain areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Connection

A

Connect certain objects together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Symmetry

A

Create symmetry among objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Continuation

A

Ex: line going through a box seems to continue because our brain makes it that way

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Closure

A

2 shapes overlapping each other that are closed seem to form one shape (like a butterfly)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Simplicity

A

Brain chooses the most simple explanation for missing info

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Common fate

A

Things that move together group together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Figure-ground segregation

A

Determining what part of environment is the figure so that it “stands out” from background

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Properties of figure and background (4)

A
  1. Figure is more “thinglike” and more memorable than ground
  2. Figure is seen in front of ground
  3. Ground is more uniform and extends behind figure
  4. Contour separating figure from ground belongs to figure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Factors that determine which area is figure (6)

A
  1. Elements located in lower part of displays
  2. Symmetrical
  3. Convex
  4. Small
  5. Oriented vertically
  6. Have meaning
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Contextual modulation

A

Stimuli outside of a neuron’s receptive field can affect neural firing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Absolute distance

A

How far object is from you in the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Relative distance

A

How far an object is to other objects in visual field

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

3D surface layout

A

Recovering orientation at a distance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Object shape

A

Slant, tilt, and curvature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Inverse Problem

A

Problem of retrieving all visual info about 3D environment using limited into contained in 2D image, same retinal image can correspond to an infinite number of real world objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Anamorphosis

A

Distorted projection or perspective (ex: chalk art)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Ames room

A

Trapezoidal shape of room causes accidental parallel alignment of back wall when viewed through small hole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Large vergence angle=
More convergence, useful only for close distances
26
Accommodation
Derived by image blur so that the output of high spatial frequency channels is maximized
27
Occulsion
Condition when a nearer object visually occludes at least a portion of a more distant object(s), closer object seems more near
28
Size
Retinal image of an object on its size and distance. If you know the size, you can estimate distance (some exceptions)
29
Geometric perspective
AKA linear perspective: convergence of lines that results in perceived depth in a 2D scene (ex: railroad tracks)
30
Texture perspective
Density of the surface/object texture increases with distance, providing a depth cue (ex: visual cliff)
31
Aerial perspective
Objects in distance appear less clear, more blurred and low contrast because of atmosphere and pollution
32
Shading
Gradient in the reflected light on a 3D object that gives cues about object's 3D shape, "direction" of depth depends on direction of luminance gradient
33
Motion parallax
Difference in relative motion of objects located at different distances from the observer (ex: seeing objects while in car)
34
Projective geometry
Investigates the mathematical relationship between objects in the environment and their optical projections on the retina or on a picture
35
Stereopsis
3D vision resulting from slight differences in left and right eye images (different perspectives)
36
How do 3D glasses work?
Red and blue lenses filter the two projected images, allowing only one image to enter each eye
37
Polarized glasses
Only passes light whose oscillations are oriented in a particular direction
38
Horopter
Line connecting points that produce corresponding retinal points in the two eyes, objects are at same distance as eye fixation point
39
Same retinal coordinator caused by....
Points at the same position on each eye that correspond to one another
40
How are objects projected that are not on the horopter?
Projected to non-corresponding points on two retinas
41
Crossed disparity
In front of horopter
42
Uncrossed disparity
Behind the horopter
43
Zero disparity
Right eye's image and left eye's image are at the same location. Point is located on the horopter (i.e. fixation plane)
44
Disparity
Slight differences in positions of "features" in left and right eye views
45
Retinal disparity
- Gives info about depth | - Is relative
46
Chromostereopsis
Blue and red light focused at different positions on retina, creates a disparity between each eye's view that is perceptually interpreted as a difference in depth
47
Binocular rivalry
If images in 2 eyes are radically difference, a combined stereo cannot be found
48
How to enhance stereo vision?
Widen eyes
49
Basic color
One that cannot further be decomposed upon passing through a prism, can be recombined to create new colors
50
Metamers
A color that appears to the eye to be identical to another color, but it has different spectral composition
51
Additive color mixture
Varying proportion of energy from red, green, and blue to create most colors of spectrum (ex: done on TV screens)
52
Subtractive color mixture
Ex: red pain absorbs and subtracts all wavelengths but the very longest one, remaining wave lengths are reflected from surface to your eyes
53
Additive vs substractive
- Additive is for mixing lights | - Subtractive is for mixing pigments (paints and materials)
54
Univariance principle
- Response of a single cone type cannot tell you about the color of the stimulus - Rod signals do not code info about wavelength of light, only about the intensity of light
55
Opponent Process Theory of Color
Ex: afterimage- if we view colored stimuli for an extended period of time, we will see an afterimage in a complementary color
56
Processing for color vision takes place in 2 stages:
1. Trichromatic theory | 2. Opponent-process theory
57
Trichromatic theory
- Receptors respond with different patterns to different wavelengths - Describes what is happening at the very beginning of visual system, in receptors of retina - Takes minimum of 3 wavelengths to match any wavelength in spectrum
58
Opponent-process theory
- Neurons integrate inhibitory and excitatory signals from receptors - Describes events later in visual system
59
Synesthesia
Neurological condition that causes the brain to process data in the form of several senses at once
60
Optic flow
Pattern of apparent motion of objects, surfaces, edges in a visual scene caused by the relative motion between an observer and a scene
61
What is motion? (Democritus)
Nothing more than presence of objects in certain "locations" at certain "times"
62
Apparent motion
Appearance that objects in the night sky move against the typical direction of motion
63
What is aliasing in motion?
Illusion, appearance of something that is NOT sue to shortcomings of sampling Ex: start moving counterclockwise
64
What is sampling in motion?
Discrete observation or measurement
65
What does the space/time plot show?
Apparent motion
66
Corollary discharge
Brain sends copy of motor command to visual system to produce a movement (like a cc in an email)
67
Where is motion detected?
V1
68
Where is the "motion area" where detected motions are "interpreted"?
MT
69
Where does complex motion processing happen?
MST
70
Where is MT area of brain?
Back of the brain, occipital cortex, critical for normal motion perception
71
Akinetopsia
Inability to perceive motion
72
MAE definition
Illusory impression, after prolonged viewing of movement in one direction, that a stationary object is moving in the opposite direction

BCS 151- Perception and Action (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions