Exam 2

Question 1

willingness to exert effort/perform work for a desired outcome

Answer 1

motivation

Question 2

in addiction, drugs of abuse take on _________ __________ properties

Answer 2

primary reinforcer

Question 3

max # of operant responses a trained animal will engage in for drug delivery

Answer 3

breakpoint

Question 4

repeatedly pairing 2 stimuli until the conditioned stimulus elicits the same response as the unconditioned stimulus

Answer 4

classical conditioning

Question 5

classical conditioning requires no work and therefore is

Answer 5

difficult to use as an index of motivation

Question 6

changing the occurrence, frequency, or magnitude of behavior through the use of reinforcements

Answer 6

operant conditioning

Question 7

by definition, operant behaviors are __________ behaviors because they require effort/work

Answer 7

motivated

Question 8

administration of short bursts of electrical activity directly into targeted neural structures

Answer 8

ICSS (intracranial self-stimulation)

Question 9

projections from the VTA to NAcc is referred to as the

Answer 9

medial forebrain bundle (MFB)

Question 10

drugs of abuse ____________ ICSS thresholds (less elec. stim needed for reinforcement)

Answer 10

decrease

Question 11

DA antagonists ____________ ICSS thresholds (more elec. stim needed for reinforcement)

Answer 11

increase

Question 12

reinforcement delivered after a constant, or “fixed”, # of correct behaviors

Answer 12

fixed ratio

Question 13

reinforcement delivered after unpredictable, or “variable”, # of correct behaviors that avg. to a specific #

Answer 13

variable ratio

Question 14

reinforcement becomes available after specific period of time

Answer 14

fixed interval

Question 15

reinforcement becomes available after periods of time that are “variable”, but avg. to a specific interval

Answer 15

variable interval

Question 16

reinforcement is delivered for every correct behavior

Answer 16

continuous

Question 17

_________ ______ schedules are hardest to extinguish (which suggests greater motivation)

Answer 17

variable ratio

Question 18

_________ __________ schedules are easiest to extinguish

Answer 18

continuous reinforcement

Question 19

administration of virtually all drugs of abuse __________ ICSS reward thresholds

Answer 19

decreases

Question 20

anxious and fearful behaviors are mediated by

Answer 20

amygdala and hippocampus

Question 21

drugs that increases activity of the sympathetic nervous system through direct action on adrenergic receptors

Answer 21

direct sympathomimetics

Question 22

drugs that mimic direct sympathomimetics by increasing availability of monoamines in the synapse

Answer 22

indirect sympathomimetics

Question 23

increasing availability of monoamines in the synapse can occur through these 3 ways

Answer 23

1. increased neurotransmitter release
2. blocking neurotransmitter reuptake
3. blocking neurotransmitter metabolism

Question 24

many direct sympathomimetics have medical uses but have few

Answer 24

abuse potentials

Question 25

all CNS stimulants induce ___________ nervous system arousal (an artificial F/F response)

Answer 25

sympathetic

Question 26

______________ (reward) effects are meditated by release of DA in the mesolimbic system, regardless of the specific mechanisms

Answer 26

psychostimulant

Question 27

____________ (motor activity) effects are mediated in large part through the nigrostriatal pathway

Answer 27

locomotor

Question 28

crawling sensation under the skin that leads to obsessive skin picking of the face and body (meth use)

Answer 28

formication

Question 29

amphetamine and cocaine administration increase dendritic spine branching in both the mesolimbic and mesocortical DA systems, thereby

Answer 29

altering neural structure directly

Question 30

some meth-induced damage to midbrain DA neurons (both striatal and nigrostriatal) is PERMANENT , conferring vulnerability to

Answer 30

Parkinson's Disease later in life

Question 31

drugs derived directly from the opium poppy

Answer 31

opiates

Question 32

opium use in the US contributed to the _________ ___________ ____ ____ in 1914 , which outlawed production, use, possession, and distribution of opiate and coca products, except for medical purposes

Answer 32

Harrison Narcotics Tax Act

Question 33

________ was 1st isolated from dried opium poppy resin in the early 1800s & was named after Greek god of dreams

Answer 33

morphine

Question 34

comprises 10% raw opium

Answer 34

heroin 1

Question 35

obtained by converting morphine to heroin base | snorted not smoked

Answer 35

heroin 2

Question 36

20-30% pure | smokable form of heroin

Answer 36

heroin 3

Question 37

80-90% pure & injectable

Answer 37

heroin 4

Question 38

semi- & fully- synthetic opiates that are manufactured chemically

Answer 38

opioids

Question 39

both opiates and opioids are now often referred to as

Answer 39

opioids

Question 40

neuropeptides produced by the body that have morphine-like actions

Answer 40

endogenous opioids

Question 41

endogenous opioids bind to the same receptors as opioid drugs of abuse, just

Answer 41

not as powerfully

Question 42

dilemma of exogenous opioids:

Answer 42

nothing relieves pain as well, but nothing is more addictive

Question 43

heroin is a prodrug, meaning

Answer 43

it has no pharmacological activity, but its active metabolites do

Question 44

opioid drug taking induces intense intoxication/euphoria; this promotes repeated use via

Answer 44

positive reinforcement mechanisms

Question 45

drug taking is maintained through strong

Answer 45

negative reinforcement mechanisms

Question 46

___________ shortens the duration of drug action

Answer 46

tolerance

Question 47

opioid withdrawal symptoms peak at

Answer 47

48-72 hours