Exam 2 Flashcards by Emily Himsel

Stain blood smear, count parasites manually through a microscope- usually more parasites means a more severe infection

Diagnosis

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Detects Plasmodium proteins in blood; some detect only falciparum, some detect other species

Rapid Diagnostic Rest (RDT)

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Invade mosquito salivary gland cells, human hepatocytes–motile

Sporozoites

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Invade human erythrocytes, non-motile

Merozoites

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Packets of hundreds of merozoites surrounded by hepatocyte membrane
-Disintegrate in capillaries, release merozoites into bloodstream

Merosomes

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Invade erythrocyte, grow into many merozoites, invade more erythrocytes

Merozoite Plan

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) Initial attachment of parasite to erythrocyte
) Parasite reorientation (apical end faces erythrocyte)
) Junction forms between 2 cells
) Invasion: Parasite pulls itself into erythrocyte
) Vacuole forms: Parasite surrounded by specialized membrane

Merozoite Invasion

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Vacuole membrane begins to extend to RBC surface to transport proteins from Plasmodium
Waste from hemoglobin digestion visible in food vacuole

Ring Stage

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Continues to feed; volume, food vacuole increase

Knobs form on RBC surface

Trophozoite Stage

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Infected erythrocytes from some parasite isolates bind multiple uninfected erythrocytes
Released merozoites are close to new erythrocytes

Rosette

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Eggs laid singly, have floats
Larvae parallel to water surface
Proboscis, body in straight line

Anophele Eggs

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Eggs laid singly, no floats
Larvae at angle to water surface
Proboscis, body at angle

Aedes Eggs

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Eggs in rafts
Larvae at angle to water surface
Proboscis, body at angle

Culex Eggs

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Bulb of sensory cells at base antennae, sensitive to vibration of other mosquito buzzing

Johnston’s Organ

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Chemicals produced by one species, used by another, often to track them

Kairomones

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Preference for non-human animals for nourishment

Zoophilia

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Preference for human blood over animal blood

Anthrophilia

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Feeds indoors

Endophagic

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In mosquito hemocoel, releases sporozoites

Oocyst

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Ingested by mosquito, gametes in midgut form ookinete

possible developmental path #2 for ring

Gametocyte

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Mitosis within RBC, ~16 merozoites develop

-rbc ruptures, released merozoites invade more rbcs

Schizont

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In rbcs, feeds on Hb

Trophozoite

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Leaves liver to invade RBCs

ring stage: earliest form established within rbcs
possible developmental path #1 for ring: trophozoite
Schizont

Merozoite

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Glides from mosquito to hemocoel to mosquito salivary glands, injected into human

Sporozoite

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Chemically related to quinine Acts on trophozoite, mechanism same as chloroquine Active against chloroquine--sensitive as well as resistant P. vivax and falciparum

Mefloquine

Only genus that transmits malaria among humans

Anopheles

Not useful for acute attack as blood stages not targeted Targets hypnozoites and falciparum gametocytes Increased risk of hemolysis especially among G6PD deficient individuals

Primaquine

Primary host in plasmodium life cycle?

Anopheles

All have apical complex: organelles near anterior end that penetrate host cell tissues

Phylum Apicomplexa

``` Single celled eukaryote, intracellular parasite #1 parasitic disease of humans ```

Plasmodium

Infection in pregnant women can be more severe than in non-pregnant women, with increased risk of anemia and death Increased risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes including ?, ?, ?, ?

Low birth rate, miscarriage, stillbirth, prematurity

Rests indoors

endophilic

Feeding period for A. gambiae?

night time

How many days does it take Plasmodium to develop in mosquito?

10-21 days

Readily soluble in fat, insoluble in water Poorly absorbed across animal skin, but readily crosses insect cuticle Low to moderate acute mammalian toxicity, if eaten Persistent: 10-15 year half-life, so it's long lasting insecticide

DDT characteristics

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor Example: Malathion Used in anti-malarial campaigns after DDT phased out

Organophosphate

Derived from chrysanthemums | Low mammalian toxicity

Pyrethrins

Clinical symptoms: modified red blood cells clog capillaries, low functionality Life expectancy: 1973: 14 years Now: 50+ years

Sickle Cell Anemia

Which has the advantage? a) homozygous wild-type (AA) malaria b) homozygous sickle (SS) sickle cell anemia c) Heterozygous (AS)

c) heterozygous

Used to - prevent malaria - treat malaria - prevent relapse from latent liver infection

Malaria Drugs

Pharmaceutical chemist and educator, discovered references to an ancient, effective drug

Youyou Tu

Secondary host in plasmodium life cycle?

humans

Introduced in the 1940's Cheap, non-toxic Acts on trophozoite, gametocyte to some extent Side effects: nausea, blurred vision, headaches, sleep disturbance

Chloroquine

Earliest effective treatment known to western countries From bark of cinchona tree Drug of choice until 1940's Synthesis possible, but not economical Side effects: tinnitus, nausea, blurred vision, headaches

Quinine

Severe ? due to hemolysis (erythrocyte destruction)

anemia

Infections complicated by serious organ failures or abnormalities in blood metabolism - Cerebral malaria - Severe anemia - Pulmonary edema or acute respiratory distress syndrome

Severe complicated malaria

Infection in pregnant women can be more severe than in non-pregnant women, with increased risk of anemia and death Increased risk for miscarriage, prematurity, low birth rate, and stillbirth infants

Placental Malaria

Causes about daily fevers, most virulent

P. falciparum

Tertian fever, hypnozoites (dormant stage which persists in liver) (2)

P. vivax, ovale

Quartan fever

P. malariae

Causes malaria among monkeys, occur is southeast Asia, has infected humans

P. knowlesi

Responsible for most cases of severe malaria

P. falciparum

More difficult to control, eliminate than because hyponozoites lead to relapse

P. vivax

Abnormal behavior, impaired consciousness, seizures, coma or other neurologic abnormalities

Cerebral malaria

Extract from leaves, Artemisia annual (sweet wormwood) Called qinghaosu in China, known for over 1000 years, used as anthelmintics; rediscovered 1970s Western world didn't accept until 1990s

Artemisin

When artemisinin given along, 7-day regimens required to maximize cure rates Adherence with 7-day treatment courses poor, so artemisinin combined with slowly eliminated partner antimalarial drug Complete treatment course takes 3 days

Artemisinin Combined Therapy (ACT)

What 2 things allows drug resistance to happen?

excessive use, incorrect use

?=ma^2bp^n/-rln(p)

Rsub0 formula

Derived from chrysanthemums | Low mammalian toxicity

Pyrethrins

Non-specific response, present from birth - External defenses interface with environment - Internal defense within body

Innate Immunity

Specific response, acquired after exposure (B, T cells)

Acquired Immunity

Ingest pathogens, cellular debris

Phagocytic Cells

Recognize cancer cells, infected cells

Natural Killer Cells

Released upon infection by cells of innate response enhance blood flow, attract more immune cells to site

Signal Molecules

Employ reactive O2 species, proteases to destroy pathogen, however, damage to body's own tissue often results

Immune Species

Compounds from white blood cells that raise 'set point'

Pyrogens

? release induces malarial fever

Hemozoin

Foreign molecule that induces immune response

Antigen

Activated B cells produce, secrete antibodies

Humoral Immune Response

Activated cytotoxic T cells directly destroy target cells

Cell-Mediated Immune Response

Climate consistently favors mosquito development; routine exposure leads to some immunity against more severe infection Nature's "vaccine" paid for with high childhood mortality

Stable Transmission

Climate, less efficient vectors cause sporadic episodes spread across age-groups; epidemics may occur

Unstable Transmission

Epithelial covering of embryonic placental villi; invades uterus wall to establish circulation between embryo, mother

Syncytiotrophoblast

Invades mosquito midgut epithelium--motile

Ookinete

"bad air" | Disease caused by protist, Plasmodium, of which 4-5 species infect humans; spread by mosquito vector

Malaria

Placental Malaria: Women in first pregnancy ? susceptible, likely due to lack of specific immune response to placental parasites

Harmless variant or derivative of pathogen that stimulates immune system to fight pathogen -Particles of pathogens that have been inactivated by physical or chemical means

Vaccine

Vaccines should... 1. Be ? 2. Be ? and ? 3. Have ? immunity

safe, manufacture and administer, lifelong/longterm

Symptoms of malaria via CDC (9)

Body aches, fever, chills and sweating, headaches, nausea and vomiting, general malaise, confused with flu in non-malarial countries, enlarged spleen, mild anemia, jaundice

Attack lasting 6-10 hours includes - Cold Stage: Sensation of cold, shivering - Hot Stage: Fever, headaches, vomiting; seizures in young children - Sweating Stage: Sweats, return to normal temperature, tiredness

Classic, Uncomplicated Malaria

Exam 2 Flashcards

(80 cards)