Exam 2 Flashcards
(127 cards)
1
Q
2 jobs of helper T cells
A
- Remain in blood and lymph providing help for B cells and CTLs
- Leave blood and enter battle sites providing help
2
Q
Help from Th cells is
A
Cytokines
3
Q
2 signals to activate dendritic cells
A
- PRRs recognize PAMPs
2. Cytokines from cells in area under attack
4
Q
TLR4 recognizes
A
LPS
5
Q
TLR3 recognizes
A
DsRNA
6
Q
Th1 helper T cells
A
Viral or bacterial attack
7
Q
Response for Th1 help T cells
A
Classical cytokines
TNF, IFN-gamma, IL2
8
Q
IFN gamma
A
Keeps macrophages active
Tells B cells to make IgG3 (opsonizes viruses and bacteria, fixes complement)
9
Q
IL-4
A
Growth factor to proliferate T cells
Growth factor for B cells that are making IgE
10
Q
IL-2
A
Stimulate proliferation of CTLs, NK cells, and more Th1 cells
Recharge NK cells
11
Q
TH2 helper T cells
A
Parasitic attack or food contaminated with pathogenic bacteria
12
Q
Response for TH2 helper T cells
A
Intestines under attack
IL-4
IL-5
IL-13
13
Q
IL-5
A
Causes B cells to make IgG
14
Q
IL-13
A
Stimulates mucus in intestine
15
Q
Th17 helper T cells
A
Fungal attack and mucosal barriers
16
Q
Response for Th17 helper T cells
A
IL-17, IL-21
17
Q
IL-17
A
Recruits massive numbers of neutrophils to area
18
Q
IL-21
A
Causes growth of more Th17 cells
19
Q
Dendritic cells make ____ and ___ to stimulate Th17 helper cells
A
TGFbeta
IL-6
20
Q
Direct ELISA
A
Directly detect Antigen
Ab absorbed to well
21
Q
Indirect ELISA
A
Detect Ab
Antigen absorbed to well
22
Q
Flow cytometry uses
A
Fluorescent labeled Ab
23
Q
Agglutination assays use ___ to clump antigens
A
Ab
Used in ABO blood typing
24
Q
Western blot sued to detect
A
Ab or antigens in sample
25
Super antigen
Special class of T cell activators
Produce dramatic cytokine secretion
Toxic shock syndrome
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2 ways CTLs kill
Perforin
| Granzyme b
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Primary lymphoid organs
Bone marrow
| Thymus
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Secondary lymphoid organs
Lymph nodes
MALT
Spleen
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__ common in all secondary lymphoid organs
Lymphoid follicles
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Primary lymphoid follicles
Loose network of FDC
| Rich in naive B cells/ memory B cells
31
Secondary lymphoid follicles
After antigen stimulation
| Replication and differentiation
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____ catch and display Ag to B cells
FDCs
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Proliferating B cells cause a ____ in germinal center
Dark zone
34
New mutations in somatic hypermutation tested in
Light zone
35
Class switching occurs in
Dark zone
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Order of lymph node structure
1. Capsule
2. Subcapsular sinus
3. Cortex
4. Paracortex
5. Medullary sinus
6. Efferent lymph
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___ lined with macrophages
Subcapsular sinus
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B cell area in lymph node
Cortex
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T cell area in lymph node
Paracortex
40
HEV cells in lymph nodes are ___, allowing more room for passage of cells
Columnar
41
Lymphocytes enter lymph node via
HEVs
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Spleen contains no
Lymphatics
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Marginal sinus of spleen contains
Macrophages
| Dendritic cells
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B cells location in spleen
Between PALS and marginal sinus
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PALS
T cells located in spleen (periarteriolar lymphoid sheath)
46
Function of red pulp
Remove old RBCs and recycle iron
Store monocytes
Break down hemoglobin
47
Adults have ___ Peyer’s Patches
200
48
Antigen enter MALT via
M cells
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M cells are easily accessible to microbes due to
Lack of vili
| Lack of mucus
50
Differences of Peyer’s Patches from other secondary lymphoid tissues
1. Specialize in making T helper cells that tell B cells to make IgA
2. Specialize in making T helper cells that make TH2 cytokine
51
Naive T cells have many
Adhesion molecules
52
Experienced T cells express
Certain adhesion molecules
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Adhesion molecules expressed on experienced T cells depend on
Where T cell was activated
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___ have restricted travel, and can only access lymph organs where they were activated
Experienced T cells
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___ are oceans of B cells with islands of FDCs
Lymphoid follicles
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Experienced B cells settle in ____ and make Abs
Bone marrow
57
Tk
Kills other cells
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Th
Helps other cells
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Tr
Restrains immune system
60
In presence of TGFbeta, T cell may become
Tr cell
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APC
B cell
Dendritic cell
Macrophage
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Activated Th cells secrete TNF and IFN gamma which ____ immune system
Activate
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Activated Tr cells secrete TGF beta and IL-10 which ___ immune system
Restrain
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TGF beta function
Reduces T cell proliferation
| Reduces CTL killing
65
IL-10 Function
Blocks co stimulatory signals (CD28)
| Reduces proliferation
66
_____ cells of intestine produce TGF beta
Epithelial
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TGF beta causes T cells in Peyer’s Patches to become
Tr cells
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Regulatory T cells in intestine release cytokines that encourage
Calmer mucosal immune system
69
Tr cells in allergies control
Mast cell degranulation
70
Tr cells aka
ITreg or pTreg
71
Activated APCs make lots of ___ which binds to CD28
B7
72
Experienced T cells make more and more ___
CTLA-4
73
CTLA-4 binds to ___ and blocks ____
B7
| CD28
74
Overall, CTLA-4 blocks
Co-stimulation and activation of very experienced T cell
75
PD1 receptor expressed on
Activated T cells
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PD1-L expressed on
WBCs and inflamed tissue
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Engagement of PD1 and PD1-L slows ___ and may induce ___
Proliferation
| Apoptosis
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ITREG cells produce cytokines
TGF
| IL-10
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TReg is a
Lymphocyte
80
Competes with CD28 to down regulate T cells
CTLA4
81
In AICD, ___ pair used to turn off activated T cells
FAS/FASL
82
Thymus characteristics
No afferent lymphatics
No HEVs
T cells initially express no CD4, CD8, or TCR
83
T cells created in
Bone marrow
84
Immature T cells express very little ___ and lots of ___
FAS
BCL2
85
T cells mature into ___ in thymus, expressing both co-receptor molecules
Double positive cells
| CD4 and CD8 expressed
86
DP cells express lots of __ and very little ___
FAS
BCL-2
87
DC cells are vulnerable to
Death
88
DP cells must pass 2 tests to live....
MHC restriction
| Tolerance to self
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MHC restriction aka
Positive selection
90
Positive selection
Maturing T cell must recognize peptides presented on self MHCs
91
Positive selection takes place in
Cortex
92
Tolerance to self aka
Negative selection
93
Negative selection occurs in
Medulla
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Negative selection
Maturing T cell must not recognize peptides presented on self MHCs
95
Cortical epithelial Cells display peptides on ...
MHC 1 (peptides made in cell)
MHC2 (peptides from area)
MHC2 (peptides made in cell)
96
Cortical epithelial cells play role in
Positive selection
97
After positive selection, T cells must chose either co-receptor and become a
Single positive cell
98
Two cells function in negative selection...
Thymic dendritic cells
Medullary thymic epithelial cells
99
Thymic dendritic cells
Display self peptides on MHC molecules
100
Medullary thymic epithelial cells
Break MHC peptide expression (display endogenous Ag on MHC2)
Express tissue-specific proteins
101
____ drives expression of tissue specific proteins in medullary thymic epithelial cells
AIRE transcription factor
102
Medullary thymic epithelial cells make sure we create T cells that _____ that thymic dendritic cells missed
Do NOT recognize tissue specific proteins
103
Naive T cells primarily travel through
Secondary lymphoid tissue
104
Thymus produces natural ____, type of CD4 T cell
Regulatory T cells (nTregs)
105
NTregs leave and enter
Secondary lymphoid tissue
106
When activated, nTregs inhibit
Self reactive T cells
107
RTregs control ____ and pTregs prevent ___
Cells reacting against self
Over active immune response
108
Self reactive T cells often don’t get co-stimulated, and this occurs in ____ where ____ expression is low
Peripheral tissue
B7
MHC
109
Activation induced cell death and self reactive T cells
Aberrant T cell gets activated over and over (lots of self antigen present)
More and more FAS expressed
Death from chronic restimulation
110
B cells that recognize self are given change to change
Receptor editing
111
____ confer life-long immunity to infection
Ab
112
Longest lived Ab
IgG
113
3 kinds of B cells after activation
Short lived plasma cells
Long lived plasma cell (memory cell)
Central memory B cell (memory cell)
114
short lived plasma cell produced in
Lymphoid follicles of secondary lymphoid organs
115
Short lived plasma cells travel to ___ and ___
Bone marrow
| Spleen
116
Short lived plasma cell function
Produce lots of Ab
Live for few days
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Long lived plasma cell produced in
Lymphoid follicles of secondary lymphoid organs
118
Long lived plasma cells travel to
Bone marrow
119
Long lived plasma cell function
Continuously produce modest amounts of Ab
Provide life-long Ab protection
120
memory stem cells slowly ___ and maintain ___
Proliferate
Pool of central memory B cells
121
If invader encountered again, central memory B cells do what
Quickly proliferate
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After activation, effector T cells travel to
Battle site and fight
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After activation, memory effector T cells travel to
Battle site and remain there
124
Activated T Ellis that stay in secondary lymphoid organs and bone marrow
Central memory T cells
125
Memory B cells are upgraded versions due to 2 things....
Somatic hypermutation created better fit for invader
Ab class has been predetermined
126
Innate memory is ___ and all humans have essentially same one
Static
127
Adaptive memory is ____ and ___
Expandable
Unique
