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Bio 305 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

The male sperm process

A 
Testis / seminiferous tubles 
⬇️
Epididymis
⬇️
Vas deferenus / ductus deferns
⬇️
Ejaculatory duct 
⬇️
Urethra
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2
Q

Male process of aim to fertilization

A 
Testis / seminiferous tubles 
⬇️
Epididymis
⬇️
Vas deferenus / ductus deferns
⬇️
Ejaculatory duct 
⬇️
Urethra 
⬇️
Vagina 
⬇️
Cervix
⬇️
Uterus 
⬇️ 
Uterine tube / oviduct
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3
Q

Cleavage

A 
• period of frequent miotic divisions 
ZYGOTE 
⬇️.  Mitosis 
BLASTOMERES (early cells) formed through mitosis 
⬇️
Morula (solid ball of 16+ cells) 
⬇️
Blastocyst (hallow ball of cells)
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4
Q

What’s blastocyst

A
  • differentiation of cells
  • 2 parts
  • inner cell mass (ICM)
  • forms embryo
  • trophoblast
  • forms placenta
  • secretes human chronic gonadotropin (HCG)
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5
Q

HCG

A

Key player in letting the body know that development going to start (to let the body know that one pregnant) fertilization happens
- communication w/ corpus luteum produces progesterone to support pregnancy
• tells corpus luteum to keep the hormones going cuz fertilization happen
- can find out in 8 days blood ; cuz HCG rise faster in blood stream than in urine
* takes 1 week when fertilization occurs

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6
Q

Implantation

A
  • Blastocyst implants on endometrium

- Occurs in 7 days

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7
Q

Implantation

A
  • Blastocyst digests the mucous layer

- Endometrium grows over it

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8
Q

Gastrulation

A

Week 2
Primary germs layers form
ECTODERM: gonna give rise to skin, neuron, pigments ( outer layer of tissue )
MESODERM: red blood cells, kidney, cardis muscle, skeletal muscle cells
ENDODERM: middle layer of tissue , lung, panacreatic, thyroid cell
NOW A GASTRULA

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9
Q

Organogenesis

A

Formation of the organs
• germ layers begin to form distinct organs ( 3rd week )

Primitive streak along back of the embryo
⬇️
Notochord, neural tube, heart, limbs, & digestive ( rise of central nerve system like spinal cord)
⬇️
All the organs have begun to develop 8 weeks - fetus

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10
Q

1st Trimester week 1-12

A
  • heart beat detectable around 3rd week ( the heart not yet function can detect its starting to form but not yet capable to function properly)
  • sexual differentiation begins

• at the end :
- all organs present & function to some degree

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11
Q

2nd trimester week 13-36

A
  • 3rd & 4th month: Muscle forms
  • at the end of 4th month: heart pumping blood
  • week 16- 20 gender can be determined by ultrasound
  • 5th month : eyes are opened ( can see light & follow light )
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12
Q

3rd Trimester

A

•7th month: significant brain growth
•8 th month: gaining fat
- digestive & respiratory systems last to develop

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13
Q

Extrambryonic membranes

A

•Allantois
• Yolk Sac
• Amniotic Sac
Water break is the embryonic sac like the fluid of the amniotic sac
- chronic vill
Forms in 3rd week
Extensions from chorion onto the uterine wall ( fingerlike extensions )
Used exchange nutrients & wastes
( extending off the placenta )

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14
Q

What is Allantois?

A

Gives rise to blood vessels in umbilical cord

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15
Q

What is Yolk Sac ?

A

Manufactures blood cells

- shrinks by the end of embryonic period

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16
Q

What is Amniotic Sac ?

A

Inner membrane

  • Cushions ( protective membrane like bubble wrap)
  • Maintains temperature
  • Contains fluid, urine, & cells
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17
Q

Placenta

A

Fully formed by 10th week
Arises from the trophoblast
Secretes hormones to support pregnancy

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18
Q

Umbilical cord

A

Connects fetus to placenta

Belly button is embyiocial scar

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19
Q

Process of giving birth

A

First stage of labor
- Early active labor
• Active labor: when cervix is stretching, opening, contractions frequently
• Translation: ( 8-9 min of cervix opening up contractions become closer )
- Second Stage is expulsion
• when the head comes out first, to avoid tangle from umbilical cord
- Third Stage is placenta separating from wall of uterus
• placenta has to be left out of the women body separation of the placenta

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20
Q

Dizygotic Twins ( Fraternal)

A
  • Arise from 2 fertilized ova
    2 eggs, 2 sperms; come from 2 sets of egg & 2 sperm
  • same genetic relationships as 2 siblings
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21
Q

Monozygotic Twins ( Identical )

A
  • 1 single egg by 1 sperm
  • Arises from a single fertilized Ovum
  • Embryo splits early during development
  • Twins may share supportive structures
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22
Q

Fertilization

Study These Flashcards
A

Occurs in the oviducts
Must occur in 12-24 hrs after ovulation
Takes sperm 30min - 2hr to reach
Speed can survive 3-5 days

23
Q

Ovulation

Study These Flashcards
A

Release of oocyte & support cells from ovary
• Triggered by spike in luteinizing hormone ( L H )
• women are born w/ 1 mill primary oocytes
( paused during Prophase 1 ) 400,000 remain at puberty
• a handful will restart mitosis every month
• one secondary oocyte in metaphase 2 will be released
• Empty follicles become CORPUS LUTEUM
- Manufacturers hormones necessary for pregnancy

24
Q

Oogenesis

Study These Flashcards
A
  • egg of female process
    Only produces 1 gamate egg polar body produced in meiosis 1 ( polar bodies incomplete cells contain genetic info)
  • discontinuous process
  • begins meiosis when a fetus
    • oocyte arrest at Prophase 1 until puberty
  • After puberty, meiosis 1 continues in one or several oocytes each month but halts again at metaphase 2
  • meiosis is only completed if the ovum is fertilized
25
Spermatogenesis
- The formation of sperm | - Mitosis one of those cells go on to mitosis while the other goes back to replace the origin
26
What are the sperm function names
Tail Midpiece / neck Head / nucleus Acrosome
27
What's the function of the male tail?
Flaggera function to help move
28
What's the function of the midpiece / neck ?
Function DNA mitochondria power to move
29
What's the function of the head / nucleus ??
Contains 23 chromosomes
30
What's the functions of the Acrosome ?
Contains enzyme w/ fusing of egg & combing chromosomes
31
What is the sperm influence by ?
- Sperm influence by temperature | - it's takes 72 days for sperm to be mature
32
Female reproduction UTERUS
Has a thick wall for when fetus is & where the baby forms & ; stretches out
33
Female reproduction ENDOMETRIUM
Blood rich tissue layer in the inner layer thickness is tied to ( the relation of ovulation ) * the release of menstruation when pregnancy doesn't occur ( tissue thickens & then detaches menstruation )
34
Female Reproduction CERVIX
Opening connect of Viginia & uterus ( opening size of a dot ) - has to accomulate great to the (labor )
35
Female Reproduction VAGINAL
What's used for intercourse where speed has to go through. Passageway of menstruation. - the vaginal wall is stretchy for the size of the guy penis & for the baby to come out. - vaginal acid environment is a protection in the female system • to protect female from infections • home to natural bacteria vaginal flora and ex can survive in the vagina acidic environment • yeast & bacteria live in a nice balance & protect the vagina for no bad bacteria
36
Female Reproduction URETHRA
Just passes urine
37
Female Reproduction CLITORIS
Stimulation & arouse & penation
38
Female Reproduction OVARY
Are held by by fimbria which Frimbriae finger like and surround the ovary and when the egg comes out it try's to catch it
39
Female Reproduction FIMBRIAE
Fingerlike projection of Fallopian tubes in which surrounds the egg from the ovaries through uterus
40
Identify the stages of birth to fetal stage
``` Gametes ⬇️ Zygote ⬇️ Blastomeres ⬇️ Morula ⬇️ Blastocyst ⬇️ Gastrula ⬇️ Organogenesis ⬇️ Fetus ```
41
Process of female fetus
``` Inherit an X from Dad and X from mom ⬇️ DAX 1 & Wnt 4 genes are expressed ⬇️ No testis - determining factor produced ⬇️ Gonads become the ovaries ⬇️ No anti Müllerian ducts develop ⬇️ No/ very little testosterone production ⬇️ External Structures develop into labis, Clitoris, etc. ```
42
Process of Male fetus
``` Inherit Y from dad and X from mom ⬇️ SRY is expressed ⬇️ Testis- determing factor produced ⬇️ Gonads become the tests ⬇️ Anti- Mullerian hormone ⬇️ Müllerian ducts degenerate/ Wolffian ducts develop ⬇️ Testosterone produced and converted to DHT ⬇️ External structures develop into penis, scroteum etc. ```
43
What is nondisjunction?
The failure of chromosomes to separate normally during meiosis 1 or 2 Produces gametes within - extra chromosomes - Missing Chromosomes
44
What's aneuploidy
Cells with extra or missing chromosomes
45
Trisomy 18
Edwards syndrome Most due to nondisjunction in meiosis 2 in oocyte and do not survive Serious mental & physically disabilities A distinctive feature: oddly- clenched fists Either parent; most likely mom
46
Trisonomy 13
Patau Syndrome Very rare and generally do not survive 6 months Serious mental & physical disabilities A distinctive feature: Eye fusion
47
Turner syndrome
-X0 Missing the second chromosomes 1 in 2,500 female births Features include short stature, webbing at back of neck, incomplete, sexual development (infertile) Either parent responsible
48
Klinefeiter Syndrome
-xxy 1 in 500 male births ``` Phenotype include: Incomplete sexual development Long limbs, large hands, & feet Some breast tissue development * occurs when hitting puberty Some don't show until fertility issues ``` Either parents are responsible
49
XXYY Syndrome
Likely arises due to unusual oocyte & sperm More several problems than Klinefeiter's ADD , obsessive compulsive disorder, learning disabilities Individuals are infertile
50
XYY Syndrome
Jacobs Syndrome 1 in 1000 male births 96% are phenotypically normal Modest phenotypes may include great height, acne, speech & reading disability Male responsible
51
Chromosomal structure abnormalities
Deletion Duplication Inversion Translocation ( not homologous pair)
52
Triplo - X
XXX 1 in 1,000 female births Tallness, menstrual, irregularities, & slight impact on intelligence Either parent responsible
53
Trisomy 21 Down syndrome
Most come trisomy among newborns Distinctive facial & physical problems Varying degrees of developmental disabilities Risk is increases w/ a turn all age Can occur w/ male; more likely female Either parent responsible

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