Exam 2

Question 1

inhibitory cells in horns of spinal cord
enhance fluidity of limb movement

sensory neurons
anterior motor neurons
interneurons
renshaw cells

Answer 1

renshaw cells

Question 2

most numerous of the neurons
responsible for most of spinal cord integrative function

sensory neurons
anterior motor neurons
interneurons
renshaw cells

Answer 2

interneurons

Question 3

neurotransmitter of UMN to LMN

GABA
acetylcholine
epinephrine
glutamate
glycine

Answer 3

glutamate

Question 4

lower motor neurons terminate at effectors with _______ as neurotransmitter

GABA
acetylcholine
epinephrine
glutamate
glycine

Answer 4

acetylcholine

Question 5

cranial nerves are unique ______

UMN
LMN

Answer 5

LMN

Question 6

interneurons are mostly inhibitory, using ______ as the neurotransmitter

GABA
acetylcholine
epinephrine
glutamate
glycine

Answer 6

GABA

Question 7

renshaw cells are inhibitory cells using ______ as the neurotransmitter

GABA
acetylcholine
epinephrine
glutamate
glycine

Answer 7

glycine

Question 8

inhibit antagonist muscle

Ia inhibitory interneurons
Ib inhibitory interneurons

Answer 8

Ia

Question 9

responsible for smooth contraction and protects muscle from tears

Ia inhibitory interneurons
Ib inhibitory interneurons

Answer 9

Ib

Question 10

detect both dynamic and static changes in muscle length

muscle spindle (group Ia and II afferents)
golgi tendon organ (group Ib afferents)
pacinian corpuscles (group II afferents)
free nerve endings (groups III and IV afferents)

Answer 10

muscle spindle

Question 11

detect vibration

muscle spindle (group Ia and II afferents)
golgi tendon organ (group Ib afferents)
pacinian corpuscles (group II afferents)
free nerve endings (groups III and IV afferents)

Answer 11

pacinian

Question 12

detect noxious stimuli

muscle spindle (group Ia and II afferents)
golgi tendon organ (group Ib afferents)
pacinian corpuscles (group II afferents)
free nerve endings (groups III and IV afferents)

Answer 12

free nerve endings

Question 13

detect muscle tension
prevents tears

muscle spindle (group Ia and II afferents)
golgi tendon organ (group Ib afferents)
pacinian corpuscles (group II afferents)
free nerve endings (groups III and IV afferents)

Answer 13

golgi tendon organ

Question 14

somatic/myelinated fibers

A
B
C

Answer 14

A

Question 15

lightly myelinated fibers
preganglionic fibers of ANS

A
B
C

Answer 15

B

Question 16

unmyelinated
found in somatic and autonomic systems

A
B
C

Answer 16

C

Question 17

which of the A nerve fiber types is largest?

alpha
beta
delta
gamma

Answer 17

alpha

Question 18

sensory group _____ afferents send signal to excitatory interneurons that send ipsilateral and contralateral signals

I
II
III
IV
V

Answer 18

III

Question 19

innervated by group Ia and II afferents

muscle spindle
golgi tendon organ
pacinian corpuscles
free nerve endings

Answer 19

muscle spindle

Question 20

innervated by only group Ib afferents

muscle spindle
golgi tendon organ
pacinian corpuscles
free nerve endings

Answer 20

golgi tendon organ

Question 21

innervated by only group II afferents

muscle spindle
golgi tendon organ
pacinian corpuscles
free nerve endings

Answer 21

pacinian corpuscles

Question 22

innervated by group III and IV afferents

muscle spindle
golgi tendon organ
pacinian corpuscles
free nerve endings

Answer 22

free nerve endings

Question 23

t/f

intrafusal fibers of the muscle spindle are contractile

Answer 23

f

intrafusal fibers are sensory only

Question 24

detect static change in muscle length
innervated by group II afferents

nuclear bag fibers
nuclear chain fibers

Answer 24

nuclear chain

Question 25

detect rate of change in muscle length innervated by group Ia afferents nuclear bag fibers nuclear chain fibers

Answer 25

nuclear bag

Question 26

alpha and gamma motor neurons use which neurotransmitter? ``` GABA acetylcholine epinephrine glutamate glycine ```

Answer 26

acetylcholine

Question 27

innervates intrafusal fibers keeps muscle spindles taut alpha motor neuron gamma motor neuron

Answer 27

gamma motor neuron

Question 28

what would result from improper muscle spindle function?

Answer 28

spastic muscle contraction

Question 29

adjusts sensitivity of muscle spindle alpha motor neuron gamma motor neuron

Answer 29

gamma motor neuron

Question 30

supply small intrafusal fibers in middle of muscle spindle gamma dynamic gamma static A-gamma

Answer 30

a-gamma

Question 31

excite nuclear bag intrafusal fibers gamma dynamic gamma static A-gamma

Answer 31

gamma dynamic

Question 32

excite nuclear chain intrafusal fibers gamma dynamic gamma static A-gamma

Answer 32

gamma static

Question 33

opposes sudden changes to muscle length transmitted by primary (Ia) nerve endings only dynamic stretch reflex static reflex

Answer 33

dynamic

Question 34

causes degree of muscle contraction to remain relatively constant transmitted by both primary (Ia) and secondary (II) nerve endings dynamic stretch reflex static reflex

Answer 34

static reflex

Question 35

upper motor neurons that decussate in the pyramids form the _____ anterior corticospinal tract posterior corticospinal tract medial corticospinal tract lateral corticospinal tract

Answer 35

lateral corticospinal tract

Question 36

upper motor neurons that DO NOT decussate in the pyramids form the _____ anterior corticospinal tract posterior corticospinal tract medial corticospinal tract lateral corticospinal tract

Answer 36

anterior corticospinal tract

Question 37

innervate postural and girdle muscles medial activation system lateral activation system nonspecific activation system

Answer 37

medial

Question 38

associated with distally located muscles used for fine movements medial activation system lateral activation system nonspecific activation system

Answer 38

lateral

Question 39

facilitate local reflex arcs medial activation system lateral activation system nonspecific activation system

Answer 39

nonspecific

Question 40

arrange the pathway of the corticospinal tract in order ``` medullary pyramids lateral columns of the spinal cord internal capsule site of origin cross in lower medulla ```

Answer 40

``` site of origin internal capsule medullary pyramids cross in lower medulla lateral columns of the spinal cord ```

Question 41

supply all levels of spinal cord anterior corticospinal tract posterior corticospinal tract medial corticospinal tract lateral corticospinal tract

Answer 41

lateral

Question 42

supply neck and upper limbs anterior corticospinal tract posterior corticospinal tract medial corticospinal tract lateral corticospinal tract

Answer 42

anterior

Question 43

t/f lesions on either the pyramidal or extrapyramidal tracts will cause complete paralysis?

Answer 43

false

Question 44

which one of these tracts may not even exist? ``` rubrospinal vestibulospinal reticulospinal olivospinal corticospinal ```

Answer 44

olivospinal

Question 45

t/f stimulation of red nucleus results in stimulation of flexors and inhibition of extensors

Answer 45

true

Question 46

tract responsible for large muscle movement ``` rubrospinal vestibulospinal reticulospinal olivospinal corticospinal ```

Answer 46

rubrospinal

Question 47

lesion of this tract could result in intentional tremors similar to cerebellar lesions ``` rubrospinal vestibulospinal reticulospinal olivospinal corticospinal ```

Answer 47

rubrospinal

Question 48

main goal is to maintain balance/upright position ``` rubrospinal vestibulospinal reticulospinal olivospinal corticospinal ```

Answer 48

vestibulospinal

Question 49

paralysis of extensor muscles/lack of ability to maintain upright posture might indicate a lesion of which tract? ``` rubrospinal vestibulospinal reticulospinal olivospinal corticospinal ```

Answer 49

vestibulospinal

Question 50

controls activity of both alpha and gamma motor neurons (in the muscle spindle) ``` rubrospinal vestibulospinal reticulospinal olivospinal corticospinal ```

Answer 50

reticulospinal

Question 51

can modulate pain information ``` rubrospinal vestibulospinal reticulospinal olivospinal corticospinal ```

Answer 51

reticulospinal

Question 52

t/f the pontine reticulospinal tract is in the lateral column

Answer 52

false | anterior

Question 53

t/f the medullary reticulospinal tract is in the lateral column

Answer 53

true

Question 54

stimulatory effect on both extensors and flexors but especially extensors pontine reticular nuclei medullary reticular nuclei

Answer 54

pontine

Question 55

inhibitory effect on both extensors and flexors but especially extensors pontine reticular nuclei medullary reticular nuclei

Answer 55

medullary