Exam 2

Question 1

Melanocytes

Answer 1

Tyrosine produces it

Melanosome>pigment>basal lamina

Question 2

Tonofilaments

Answer 2

Precursors to keratin

Question 3

Stratum spinosum

Answer 3

Attached by desmosomes
Langerhans cells are here
Synthesize tonofilaments

Question 4

Stratum granulosum

Answer 4

Cell death begins 
Flattened due to dehydration 
Plasma membranes thicken 
Contain keratohyaline granules 
Lamellar granules accumulate

Question 5

Lamellar granules

Answer 5

Contain glycolipids for waterproof

Contents are excreted by exocytosis

Question 6

Stratum lucidum

Answer 6

Only thick skin
Lacks organelles
Cells are dead

Question 7

Papillary layer contains

Answer 7

Capillary loops
meisseners corpuscles
And free nerve endings

Question 8

Reticular layer

Answer 8

Dense irregular CT
Collagen strengthens
Elastic helps recoil

Question 9

Sebaceous glands

Answer 9

Holocrine
Sebum
Stimulate sex hormones

Question 10

Merocrine or eccrine

Answer 10

Deep in reticular layer

Visible sweat

Question 11

Apocrine gland

Answer 11

Sexual scents
In hypodermis
Produces fatty substances

Question 12

Thin skin

Answer 12

Everywhere except thick skin
Thin spinosum and corneum
Hair follicles
Sebaceous glands

Question 13

Thick skin

Answer 13

Palms, soles, digits
Thick lucidium and corneum 
Epidermal ridges 
Sudoriferous glands 
Sensory receptors

Question 14

Epidermal healing

Answer 14

Basal cells migrate to make membrane

Cells divide to fill wound

Question 15

Deep wound healing

Answer 15

1 bleeding and inflammatory response
2 scab forms and phagocytes cells are removing debris
3 scab has been undermined and fibroblasts are repairing tissue
4 scar tissue is formed

Question 16

Functions of bones

Answer 16

Support
Protection
Movement
Blood cell production
Mineral storage
Triglyceride storage

Question 17

Calcium is needed for

Answer 17

Nerve impulses
Muscle contraction
Blood clotting
Gland secretions 
Cell division

Question 18

Periosteum

Answer 18

Outter membrane
Made of osteoblasts/clasts
Highly vascular

Question 19

Endosteum

Answer 19

Covers trabeculae

Contains osteoblasts/clasts

Question 20

Osteoid

Answer 20

Unmineralized bone materix
Makes up 1/3 of bone matrix
Proteglycans glycoproteins collagen

Question 21

Mineral salts

Answer 21

Mainly hydroxyapatite crystals

Formed with calcification

Question 22

Intramembranous ossification

Answer 22

1 development of ossification center
2 calcification
3 formation of trabeculae
4 development of periosteum

Question 23

Endochondral ossification

Answer 23

1 development of cartilage model
2 growth of cartilage model (collar)
3 development of primary ossification center
4 development of medullary cavity

Question 24

Functional zones in bone growth

Answer 24

Quiescence 
Proliferation 
Hypertrophy 
Calcification
Ossification

Question 25

Appositional growth

Answer 25

Increase in thickness

Question 26

Fibrous joints

Answer 26

Sutures Syndesmosis Gomphosis

Question 27

Syndesmosis

Answer 27

Attached by a membrane

Question 28

Cartilaginous joints

Answer 28

Syncondrosis | Symphesis

Question 29

5 features of synovial joints

Answer 29

``` Extra capsule ligaments Joint cavity Articular cartilage Articular capsule Presence of nerves and vessels ```

Question 30

Synovial fluid

Answer 30

``` Lubes joint Absorbs shock Supplies oxygen Removes carbon dioxide Contains phagocytes ```

Question 31

Bursae

Answer 31

Cushion joints

Question 32

Labrum

Answer 32

A ring of cartilage at the end of a joint

Question 33

Sarcomere

Answer 33

Functional unit of muscle Thick and thin filaments Z disc to z disc Titan runs through the center

Question 34

A band

Answer 34

Contains thick filaments | Doesn’t not change with contractions

Question 35

I band

Answer 35

Thin filament regions | Shortens with contractions

Question 36

Tropomyosin

Answer 36

Rope like protein that covers myosin binding cites

Question 37

Skeletal muscle action potential

Answer 37

Lasts a few milliseconds | No hyperpolarization because of voltage gate

Question 38

Sarcolemma

Answer 38

Plasma membrane of muscle

Question 39

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Answer 39

Continuous membrane that covers sarcomeres | Filled with calcium

Question 40

Latent period

Answer 40

Time between the end of the muscle action potential and beginning of contraction

Question 41

Period of contraction

Answer 41

High tension in filaments

Question 42

Isometric

Answer 42

Force with no contraction

Question 43

Concentric contraction

Answer 43

Force of contraction used to move a load

Question 44

Eccentric contraction

Answer 44

Contraction to lengthen a muscle

Question 45

Muscle fatigue

Answer 45

Ionic imbalance Increased phosphate Decreased ATP and Mg Decreased glycogen