EXAM 2

Question 0

What is the aortic impression?

Answer 0

the flattening of the superior and inferior epiphyseal rims on the left side of the vertebral body of T5-T8 which give the vertebral body a less scalloped or less indented appearance on that side

Question 1

What features will allow for discrimination between T2-T4 and T5-T8 segmental groups?

Answer 1

the vertebral body, transverse process, articular process, and spinous process

Question 2

What is the principle cause of the posterior curve of the thoracic region?

Answer 2

the vertebral body height differences

Question 3

What joint classifications are identified at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?

Answer 3

amphiarthrosis syndesmosis,
amphiarthrosis symphysis,
diarthrosis arthrodia

Question 4

How many joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?

Answer 4

typically ten, fourteen if the rib ligaments are included

Question 5

What is the name given to the jointed formed b/w the vertebral body and the rib?

Answer 5

costocentral joint

Question 6

What ligaments support the costocentral joint?

Answer 6

the radiate costocentral or stellate costocentral ligament,
and the
interarticular or intra-articular ligament

Question 7

What does the intra-articular or interarticular ligament connect to?

Answer 7

the interarticular or intra-articular crest of the capitlum of the rib and the intervertebral discs

Question 8

Which x-ray view is used to see into the intervertebral foramen of a typical thoracic?

Answer 8

lateral view

Question 9

What ligaments support the costotransverse joint of a typical thoracic?

Answer 9

the superior costotransverse,
inferior costotransverse,
lateral costotransverse ligaments

Question 10

The superior costotransverse ligament of the transverse process of T4 will attach to which rib?

Answer 10

5th rib

Question 11

Which muscles may attach to the transverse process of a typical thoracic?

Answer 11

longissimus thoracis,
longissimus cervicis,
longissimus capitis,
semispinalis thoracis,
semispinalis cervicis,
semispinalis capitis,
multifidis,
rotator brevis,
rotator longus,
intertransversarii,
levator costarum brevis,
levator costarum longus

Question 12

How can you distinguish b/w a T2-T4 from T5-T8 using the articular process?

Answer 12

At T2-T4 the width b/w the superior articular process is greater than the width b/w the inferior articular processes of that vertebra,

At T5-T8 the width b/w the superior articular process is equal to or the same as the width b/w the inferior articular processes of that vertebra

Question 13

What is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of a typical thoracic vertebra?

Answer 13

Forward, downward, and medial (ForMeD)

Question 14

Imbrication will e more pronounced for what region of the thoracics?

Answer 14

T5-T8

Question 15

What is the angulation of the spinous process in the typical thoracic region?

Answer 15

the undersurface of T2-T4 spinous processes will angle up to 40 degrees form the horizontal plane

the undersurface of T5-T8 spinous processes will angle up to 60 degrees from the horizontal plane

Question 16

Which muscles may attach to the spinous process of a typical thoracic?

Answer 16

trapezius, 
latissimus dorsi,
rhomboid major,
serratus posterior superior,
splenius cervicis,
splenius capitis,
semispinalis thoracis,
spinalis cervicis,
spinalis capitis,
semispinalis thoracis,
multifidis,
rotator brevis,
rotator longus,
interspinalis

Question 17

Which muscles are associated with the five muscle layers of the back?

Answer 17

1- trapezius and latissimus dorsi
2- rhomboids and levator scapulae
3- serratus posteriors
4- erector spinae
5- transversospinalis

Question 18

Ow many joints are formed at the vertebral body of T1?

Answer 18

typically 10, 14 if the rib ligaments are included

Question 19

What ligament is absent at the costotransverse joint of T1?

Answer 19

Superior costotransverse ligament

Question 20

What ligaments attach to the transverse process of T1?

Answer 20

intertransverse,
capsular costotransverse,
superior costotranverse,
inferior costotransverse,
lateral costotransverse

Question 21

Para-articular processes are more commonly observed on which segment?

Answer 21

T10

Question 22

A dimpling or depression of the skin in the thoracic region is often characteristic of the location of which segment?

Answer 22

T10

Question 23

What name is given to T11?

Answer 23

Anticlinal vertebra

Question 24

Which muscle(s) is attached to the vertebral body of T12?

Answer 24

Psoas major and minor

Question 25

What ligaments form the costotransverse joint of the 12th rib?

Answer 25

Superior costotransverse ligament from T11 and the lumbosacral ligament from L1

Question 26

What is the orientation of the inferior articular facets of T12?

Answer 26

Forward, downward and lateral (FoLD)

Question 27

How man synovial joints are typically present at T12?

Answer 27

6

Question 28

What muscles attach to the spinous process of T12?

Answer 28

``` trapezius, latissimus dorsi, serratus posterior inferior, illiocostalis lumborum, spinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator brevis, rotator longus, interspinalis ```

Question 29

Which erector spinae muscle is unique in it's attachment to the T12 spinous process?

Answer 29

illiocostalis lumborum

Question 30

What accounts for the direction of the lumbar curve?

Answer 30

the vertebral body and intervertebral disc have a greater anterior height than posterior height

Question 31

What muscles may attach to a typical lumbar vertebral body?

Answer 31

Psoas major and minor

Question 32

What is the name given to ligaments which attach vertebral ody to articular process?

Answer 32

transforaminal ligaments

Question 33

What ligaments attach the vertebral body to the transverse process?

Answer 33

corpotransverse ligaments

Question 34

What is the proposed function of the Hoffmann ligaments in the cervical-upper thoracic region?

Answer 34

resist caudal movement of the dural sac and resist gravitational forces on the dura and cord

Question 35

What is the proposed function of the lumbar Hoffmann ligaments?

Answer 35

resist cranial movement of the dural sac during flexion

Question 36

What osseous conditions of lumbar vertebrae facilitate a spinal tap in this region?

Answer 36

overlap of laminae shingling diminishes and overlap of spinous processes imbrication diminishes

Question 37

A styloid process occurs with what frequency and as a result of what condition?

Answer 37

7% occurrence as a result of congenital elongation of the lumbar accessory process

Question 38

What was believed to be entrapped b the mammilo-accessory ligament?

Answer 38

the medial branch of the dorsal ramus of a lumbar spinal nerve

Question 39

What muscles attach to the lumbar accessory process?

Answer 39

longissimus thoracis and intertransversarii

Question 40

What names are given to the condition in which one zygapophysis of a vertebral couple lies in a coronal plane or position and the other zygapophysis lies in the sagittal plane or position?

Answer 40

joint asymmetry or joint tropism

Question 41

What is the name of the condition when the typical lumbar spinous process increases in length due to the aging process?

Answer 41

Basstrup's syndrome AKA "kissing spines"

Question 42

What ligaments attach to the transverse process of the fifth lumbar vertebra?

Answer 42

lumbosacral, iliolumbar, mammilo-accessory, intertransverse

Question 43

What names are given to the condition in which the right zygapophysis of a vertebral couple lies in a different plane from the left zygapophysis?

Answer 43

joint asymmetry or joint tropism

Question 44

What is the name given to the congenital condition in which the fifth lumbar spinous process is elongated, the sacrum exhibits spina bifida, and dorsiflexion produces pain?

Answer 44

Knife clasp syndrome

Question 45

Lumbar spondylolysis has not been reported in what groups of individual?

Answer 45

``` fetuses, newborns, rarely in children under five years old, patients who have never walked, non-erect species ```

Question 46

What is the gender bias and locational bias associated with lumbar sponylolysis?

Answer 46

men at L5/S1; | women at L4/L5

Question 47

What is the appearance of a spondylolysis in a lumbar vertebra upon oblique x-ray view?

Answer 47

collared Scotty dog

Question 48

What characteristics are associated with cervical spondylolysis?

Answer 48

``` rare, congenital, gender biased towards men, most common at C5/C6, linked to spondylolisthesis and spina bifida ```

Question 49

What is the ethnic, gender, and locational bias associated with sacral spondylolysis?

Answer 49

native American (Inuit) male at the S1 level

Question 50

Identify all names given to type I spondylolisthesis?

Answer 50

dysplastic spondylolisthesis or congenital spondylolisthesis

Question 51

What gender bias, locational bias and spinal canal dimensions are associated with type II spondylolisthesis?

Answer 51

isthmic spondylolisthesis is common in men, located at L5/S1 level, demostrates an increase in sagittal diameter of the spinal canal

Question 52

What gender bias, locational bias, and spinal canal dimension changes are often associated with type III spondylolisthesis?

Answer 52

degenerative spondylolisthesis is more common in women, particularly at L4/L5, demonstrates NO change in sagittal diameter of the spinal canal

Question 53

What are causes associated with type V spondylolisthesis?

Answer 53

bone disease such as Pagets disease or osteogenesis imperfecta

Question 54

What features may be identified along the intermediate sacral crest?

Answer 54

mammillary accessory process of S1 and sacral cornu of S5

Question 55

What features may be identified along the lateral sacral crest?

Answer 55

S1 transverse tubercle, sacral tuberosity of S2 transverse tubercles of S3,S4, and S5

Question 56

What is the name of the joint formed by the sacral tuberosity?

Answer 56

accessory sacro-iliac joint

Question 57

What is the articular facet orientation of C3-C6?

Answer 57

Forward, Lateral and Down (FoLD)

Question 58

What is the inferior articular facet orientation of T12?

Answer 58

Forward, Lateral, Down and conVEX (FoLD)

Question 59

Superior articular facets of which vertebrae will be oriented backward, upward and medial?

Answer 59

C1 C3-C7 L1-L5 S1

Question 60

Superior articular facets of which vertebrae will be oriented backward, upward, and lateral?

Answer 60

C2 | T1-T12

Question 61

Inferior articular facets of which segments will be oriented forward, lateral and downward?

Answer 61

C2-C6 T12 L1-L5

Question 62

What is another way of implying occipitalization?

Answer 62

atlas assimilation

Question 63

What joint is formed between the odontoid process ossification centers and the centrum of C2?

Answer 63

subdental synchondrosis

Question 64

What is the name given to the condition in which the joint formed b/w the odontoid process and centrum of C2 persists beyond age 7?

Answer 64

os odontoideum

Question 65

What name is given to the joint formed b/w the tip of the dens and the odontoid process centers of ossification?

Answer 65

tip of dens synchondrosis

Question 66

If the joint formed b/w the tip of the dens and odontoid process centers of ossification persists beyond age 12, what is the condition called?

Answer 66

terminal ossicle

Question 67

What is the incidence of rib-related changes following dorsilization of C7?

Answer 67

from 1 - 2.5% of the population

Question 68

What is the gender bias suggested in dorsalization of C7?

Answer 68

Female

Question 69

What C7 facet orientation changes may accompany cervicalization?

Answer 69

the inferior articular facet may change from (ForMeD) to (FoLD) the superior articular facet remains unchanged

Question 70

What gender bias is associated with dorsalization of L1?

Answer 70

Males are 2-3 times more affected

Question 71

What T12 facet orientation changes may accompany lumbarization?

Answer 71

the SAF may change from (FLAT BUL) to (CONCAVE BUM) | the IAF is unchanged

Question 72

What is characteristic of lumbarization of S1?

Answer 72

failure of synostosis b/w S1 and S2, squaring of the vertebral body of S1, flaring of sacral ala

Question 73

Which segment demonstrates the greatest morphological variation along the spine?

Answer 73

L5

Question 74

What developmental events are indicated in the formation of the adult cervical curve?

Answer 74

Centers for vision and equilibrium will appear in the brain.... musculature attaching the skull, cervical, region, and upper thorax together develops.... the head is held upright... the intervertebral disc height becomes greater anterior than posterior

Question 75

What is the name given to the integration of visual and motor pathways associated with holding the head erect?

Answer 75

the righting reflex

Question 76

What developmental events are indicated in the formation of the adult lumbar curve?

Answer 76

crawling will cause the abdomen to put tension on the lumbar region and pulls it forward.... muscle development is promoted to compensate for the swayback of the lumbars... intervertebral disc height will become greater anterior compared to posterior... walking will further promote muscle and intervertebral disc development

Question 77

What is the relationship b/w the right thoracic curve, left lumbar curve combination in the population?

Answer 77

about 80% of the population demonstrates this

Question 78

What clinical examples of abnormal curvatures along the vertebral column were stressed in class?

Answer 78

military neck... humpback or hunchback... swayback...

Question 79

What are the curve classifications for military neck?

Answer 79

a kyphosis or HYPERlordotic curve

Question 80

What does idiopathic scoliosis infer?

Answer 80

the scoliosis is unique to the individual... has no known cause... unknown etiology...

Question 81

Identify the curve direction, location, gender bias and incidence of infantile idiopathic scoliosis.

Answer 81

left thoracic... male... less than 1% incidence

Question 82

Identify the curve direction, location, gender bias and incidence of juvenile idiopathic scoliosis.

Answer 82

right thoracic... females over age 6... 12-21% incidence...

Question 83

Identify the curve direction, location, gender bias and incidence of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.

Answer 83

right thoracic OR right thoracic and left lumber... females... 80% incidence

Question 84

What is the relationship b/w curve deviation, incidence, and curve worsening?

Answer 84

the greater the deviation, the lower the incidence and more likely to worsen

Question 85

What is the vertebral column origin for the longissimus thoracis pars lumborum?

Answer 85

accessory process and medial part of transverse process of L1-L5

Question 86

Which muscles are identified as transversospinalis muscles?

Answer 86

semispinalis. .. multifidis. .. rotators. ..

Question 87

The semispinalis capitis may fuse to form what muscle?

Answer 87

biventer cervicis

Question 88

Which transversospinalis muscle attaches to articular and mammillary processes along the spine?

Answer 88

multifidis

Question 89

Which muscles of the spine exhibit a reversal of the expected origin-insertion combination?

Answer 89

illiocostalis lumborum pars lumborum... longissimus thoracis pars lumborum... multifidis lumborum...

Question 90

What is the proposed function of the suboccipital muscle group?

Answer 90

postural stabilizers of the atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial joints

Question 91

Which muscle group is innervated by both dorsal rami and ventral rami of spinal nerves?

Answer 91

intertransversarii

Question 92

Based on the density of muscle spindles what is the proposed function of the intertransversarii?

Answer 92

acts as a proprioceptive transducer in conjunction with the interspinalis to coordinate the smooth movement of the spine and to maintain appropriate position

Question 93

Which muscle is said to form the iliolumbar ligament?

Answer 93

quadratus lumborum

Question 94

Identify all muscle groups innervated by dorsal rami branch patterns.

Answer 94

``` splenius... erector spinae... transversospinalis... suboccipital... interspinalis... levator costarum... intertransversarii... ```