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BIO 139 > EXAM 2 > Flashcards

EXAM 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Smallest respiratory passages

A

Bronchioles

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2
Q

Separates the oral and nasal cavities

A

Palate

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3
Q

Major nerve stimulating the diaphragm

A

Phrenic nerve

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4
Q

Food passageway posterior to the trachea

A

Esophagus

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5
Q

Closes off the larynx during swallowing

A

Epiglottis

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6
Q

Windpipe

A

Trachea

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7
Q

Actual site of gas exchange

A

Alveoli

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8
Q

Pleural layer cover the thorax walls

A

Parietal pleura

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9
Q

Autonomic nervous system nerve serving the thorax

A

Vagus nerve

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10
Q

Lumen of the larynx

A

Glottis

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11
Q

Fleshy lobes in the nasal cavity that increase its surface area

A

Conchae

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12
Q

Closes the glottis during the Valsalva maneuver

A

Vocal folds

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13
Q

Closes the nasopharynx during swallowing

A

Uvula

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14
Q

The cilia of its mucosa beat upward toward the larynx

A

Primary bronchi

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15
Q

Respiratory volume inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing

A

Tidal Volume (TV)

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16
Q

Air in respiratory passages that does not contribute to gas exchange

A

Dead space volume

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17
Q

Total amount of exchangeable air

A

Vital capacity

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18
Q

Gas volume that allows gas exchange to go on continuously, always present in lungs even after a forceful exhale

A

Residual volume

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19
Q

Amount of air that can still be exhaled (forcibly) after a normal exhalation

A

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

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20
Q

Sum of all lung volumes

A

Total lung capacity (TLC)

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21
Q

Barring pneumothorax, this pressure is always lower than atmospheric pressure (that is, is negative pressure)

A

Intrapleural pressure

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22
Q

Pressure of air outside the body

A

Atmospheric pressure

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23
Q

As it decreases, air flows into the passageways of the lungs

A

Intrapulmonary pressure

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24
Q

If this pressure becomes equal to the atmospheric pressure, the lung collapse

A

Intrapleural pressure

25
Q

Rises well over atmospheric pressure during a forceful cough

A

Intrapulmonary pressure

26
Q

Also know as the intra-alveolar pressure

A

Intrapulmonary pressure

27
Q

Period of breathing when air enters the lungs

A

Inspiration

28
Q

Period of breathing when air leaves the lungs

A

Expiration

29
Q

Alternate flushing of air into and out of the lungs

A

Pulmonary ventilation (breathing)

30
Q

Exchange of gases between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood

A

External respiration

31
Q

Respiratory control center in the pons

A

Pontine respiratory group

32
Q

Respiratory control centers in the medulla

A

VRG and DRG

33
Q

Responds to decreased oxygen levels in the blood

A

Chemoreceptors in the aortic arch and carotid bodies

34
Q

Respond to overinflation of the lungs

A

Stretch receptors in the lungs

35
Q

Integrates input from the peripheral stretch receptors and chemoreceptors

A

DRG

36
Q

The breathing rhythm center

A

VRG

37
Q

Basically acts to fine-tune respiratory rhythms generated by the medulla

A

Pontine respiratory group

38
Q

The largest lymphatic organ

A

Spleen

39
Q

Filter lymph

A

Lymph node

40
Q

What are three important characteristics of the adaptive immune response?

A

Self recognition, specificity and memory

41
Q

Define immunocompetence

A

The ability to produce a normal immune response when exposed to a specific antigen.

42
Q

Particularly large and important during youth, helps to program T cells

A

Thymus

43
Q

Collectively called MALT - mucosa associated lymphoid tissue

A

Tonsils

44
Q

Removes aged and defective red blood cells

A

Spleen

45
Q

Contains red and white pulp

A

Spleen

46
Q

Includes the adenoids

A

Tonsils

47
Q

Acts against bacteria breaching the intestinal wall

A

Peyer’s patches

48
Q

What are the 4 main events of respiration?

A

Ventilation (normal breathing)
External respiration gas exchange b/w air blood
Internal respiration gas exchange b/w blood tissue
Cellular respiration

49
Q

What 4 factors make unloading of oxygen from Hb at the tissue level happen more easily?

A

AT the tissue, higher temperature (skeletal muscles doing work) low pH (presence of lactic acid from work) High C02 and low O2 (from cellular respiration)

50
Q

What makes the loading of oxygen into Hb at the lungs happen more easily?

A

Lower temperature, higher pH, lower pCO2 higher pO2.

51
Q

Interferon

A

Released from virus infected cells to cause uninfected cells to make Anti Viral Protein

52
Q

Interleukin I

A

Comes from Antigen Presenting Cells during inspection by Helper CD4 T cells to activate to Helper T cells

53
Q

Interleukin II

A

Causes active Helper T cells to activate immune system response “time to fight now”

54
Q

Revers transcriptase

A

RNA virus enzyme that allows the cell to make viral DNA from viral RNA

55
Q

Lymphotoxin (granyzyme)

A

Degenerates DNA and organelles of target cell

56
Q

Perforin

A

Pokes hols in target cell so granzyme can leak in

57
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

Volume of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal inhale

58
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal exhale

59
Q

Atmospheric pressure

A

760mm Hg

BIO 139 (3 decks)

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