Exam 2 Flashcards
(26 cards)
Complicated UTI’s
common in dogs & cats Causes: - functional (interferes with micturition) - anatomical deficits/dysfunction - Other (trauma, disease)
Uncomplicated UTI’s
- common in humans, uncommon in dogs/cats
- presume if healthy animal, 1 time event, and other predisposing causes ruled out
Treat an uncomplicated UTI
10-14 days
Top 3 drugs: Amoxicillin, Amoxicillin + Clavulanic acid, Cephalexin
Or high dose enrofloxacin or Trimethoprim-sulfa for 3 days
Treat a complicated UTI
Treat case by case depending on what’s cultured
Top 3 drugs: Amoxicillin, Amoxicillin + Clavulanic acid, Cephalexin
Min 10-14 days, max 6 wks
UTI Gram neg enteric bacterial agents
- facultative anaerobes
- fecal organisms
- Enterobacteriaceae family (EPEK: E. coli, Proteus spp, Enterobacter spp, Klebsiella spp)
UTI Gram pos cocci bacterial agents
- facultative anaerobes
- Coagulase Pos (S. pseudointermedius, S. aureus)
- Enterococcus spp (fecal bact)
UTI other bacterial agents
- Corynebacterium urealyticum (fac an)
- P. aeruginosa (obligate an, indwelling cath)
- Mollicutes (mycoplasma and ureaplasma spp)
- Fungal (candida spp)
Large animal UTI bacterial agent
Corynebacterium renale
facultative anaerobic G+ rod
normal urogenital flora
What bacteria make urease?
Staph spp Proteus spp Enterobacter spp Corynebacterium renale Corynebacterium urealyticum
How does urease contribute to struvite urolithiasis?
- Bacteria produce urease –> ammonia production
- ammonia increases urine pH
- alkaline environment = struvite crystal formation –> urolithiasis
Cystitis diagnosis
- Urine collection by cystocentesis (preferred), cath, or midstream voided
- Quantitative aerobic culture plate
- measures colony forming units per ml urine
- get result range: contaminated (low numbers), suspicious, significant (high numbers)
Empirical vs. Targeted cystitis therapy
Empirical - presumptive, reasonable if first time with clinical signs, use 3 main drugs
Targeted - based on significant culture result and susceptibility testing, use for recurrent cases - document cure 2-3 days post therapy
Prostatitis
- E. coli most common, but also can be other common UTI bacteria
- Treat with lipophilic/weak base drugs (Enrofloxacin, Trimeth-sulfa, Chloramphenicol, Clindamycin if it’s Staph)
What spp does Leptospira cause disease in?
Mammals - cattle, pigs, horses, dogs
not birds
zoonotic concerns
Leptospira characteristics
- spirochete, gram negative
- periplasmic flagellum inside cell wall
- l. interrogans has multiple serovars
Reservoir host for Leptospira
rodents (endemic), shed in urine
Accidental hosts for Leptospira
- animals and humans
- primarily drink contaminated water
Pathogenesis of Lepto
- penetrate skin/mucous membrane
- leptospiremia 3-5 days (replicate in blood)
- clinical signs in 5-7 days
- Must colonize kidney to be shed (via urine)
General clinical signs of lepto
- hepatic dysfunction (jaundice, icterus)
- renal damage
- hemoglobinuria
- CNS, ocular, spleen, repro
Cattle and lepto
- l. hardjo (host-adapted)
- mid to late term abortion (4 mo to term)
Calves - l. pomona causes hemolytic anemia & acute renal failure
Horses and lepto
- all serovars
- moonblindness
- abortions 6 mo to term
Pigs and lepto
- l. interrogans ser. Bratislava
- often subclinical repro dz
- SMEDI dDx
Dogs and lepto
- all serovars
- uremic and icteric dz
Virulence mechs of Lepto
- LPS (disrupt neuts, platelets, ATPase nephron pumps)
- Hemolysins
- (maybe) induce autoantibodies
