Exam 2

Question 1

what is the overall structure of DNA

Answer 1

sugar, phosphate, and base

Question 2

what are the subunits

Answer 2

A,G,T,C

Question 3

where do covalent bonds form

Answer 3

hold the nucleotides in a strand together

Question 4

where do hydrogen bonds form

Answer 4

hold the two strands of DNA together, between specific pairs

Question 5

are hydrogen bonds stronger or weaker than covalent bonds

Answer 5

weaker

Question 6

what are the basic steps of DNA replication

Answer 6

Seperate the DNA strands

Use them to make new strands

Question 7

what happens to the original strands of DNA when a chromosome gets replicated

Answer 7

the replicated DNA is one new strand and one old strand

Question 8

what is the function of the original strands of DNA in replication

Answer 8

DNA is the permeant copy of information

is the model for RNA

Question 9

what is the role of DNA polymerase

Answer 9

makes complementary new strands by separating the DNA

Question 10

what is the structure of RNA

Answer 10

phosphate, sugars, bases (A,C,G,U)

Question 11

how does the overall structure differ in RNA from DNA

Answer 11

RNA is single stranded, much shorter, different bases (A,C,G,U)

Question 12

how do the subunits differ in RNA and DNA

Answer 12

A,C,G,U

Question 13

what are the two components of a gene

Answer 13

Protein and RNA

Question 14

what is the template (the molecule from which information is copied) in transcription

Answer 14

one half of the DNA strand

Question 15

what is the final product of transcription

Answer 15

make an RNA strand

Question 16

what is the role of RNA polymerase

Answer 16

enzyme that makes RNA

Question 17

what is the general structure

Answer 17

amino acid sequence

Question 18

how are proteins held together

Answer 18

ribosomes

Question 19

what is the role of mRNA

Answer 19

information specifying the sequence of the amino acids

Question 20

what is the role of tRNA

Answer 20

interpreters, one side of a tRNA has an amino acid attached, each carries a specific amino acid

Question 21

what are codons and anticodons

Answer 21

Codons: don’t code for an amino acid, cause amino acid chain to be released, mRNA is free to be reused

Question 22

why or when are more cells needed

Answer 22

healing (repair damage)
replacement (hair, skin, lining of intestine)
growth
reproduction

Question 23

what happen during the cell cycle

Answer 23

divide a cell to make two identical cells

Question 24

for each subphrase, what happens and why is that needed?

Answer 24

G1 phase- growth phase (make more cell content)
S phase- synthesis phase (make more DNA)
G2 phase - growth phase (prepare for division)

Question 25

what are sister chromatids

Answer 25

they are identical copies of a chromosome

Question 26

what happened during mitosis (general description)

Answer 26

dividing up the DNA so both cells will get a copy of every chromosome, ultimately divides into two separate cells

Question 27

how do the cells that are produced compare to each other

Answer 27

they are identical

Question 28

how do the cells that are produced differ from the parent cell

Answer 28

they have half from one parent and half from the other

Question 29

what is the spindle

Answer 29

the structure that moves and divides chromosomes, hollow tubes of proteins, able to rapidly grow and shorten

Question 30

what is its function in mitosis

Answer 30

pulls apart the sister chromatids to opposite sides of the cell

Question 31

what happens to the chromosomes during mitosis

Answer 31

chromosomes align in the center of the cell, cell checks that all of the chromosomes are attached to spindle fibers from both sides of the cell, cell divides into two separate cells after chromosomes are pulled apart

Question 32

what is gene regulation

Answer 32

process of controlling when, where, and how much protein is made

Question 33

what is the difference between stem cells and specialized cells

Answer 33

stem cells- make more stem cells or divide into specialized cells specialized cells- cells with a specialized function

Question 34

why are stem cells important for tissue health

Answer 34

stem cells can help to regrow, repair, or replace damaged cells

Question 35

what is regenerative medicine

Answer 35

these are attempts to regrow, repair, or replace damaged or diseased cells, tissues, or organs

Question 36

what is the potential for stem cells in medicine and how can they be used

Answer 36

therapeutic drugs can stimulate stem cell differentiation stem cells can grow In culture and be injected into a human organ organs can grow on a scaffold and later be transplanted

Question 37

what is cancer

Answer 37

unregulated cell growth cell division out of control mutation driven process

Question 38

what are checkpoints of the cell cycle checkpoints

Answer 38

G0-G1 checkpoint: check if the growth factors present to signal cell division G1-S checkpoint: check if there is DNA damage that needs repaired S-G2 checkpoint: have chromosomes replicated properly Mitosis checkpoint: are the chromosomes aligned properly for chromatid replication

Question 39

what is a mutated proto-oncogene called

Answer 39

oncogenes

Question 40

why do mutated proto-oncogenes increase cancer risk

Answer 40

they are permantely activated and signals cell cycle progression even in the absence of growth signals

Question 41

why do mutated tumor-suppressor genes increase cancer risk

Answer 41

can be manipulated to become inactive- normally pause cell division, repair DNA or initiate cell death

Question 42

how do cancer cells differ from normal cells

Answer 42

continually grow and divide

Question 43

why are most forms of cancer not heritable

Answer 43

because only a small minority of cancers run in families

Question 44

can your personal lifestyle choices affect your likelihood of acquiring DNA mutations

Answer 44

yes, some activities can contains carcinogens

Question 45

what are some measures a person can take to reduce their risk of cancer

Answer 45

limit UV radiations, smoking, alcohol

Question 46

how do these measures reduce cancer risk

Answer 46

limit your exposure to carcinogens

Question 47

what are some measures a person can take to reduce their risk of hereditary cancers, how do theses measures reduce cancer risk

Answer 47

can get checks to catch cancer early on

Question 48

what is PCR used for? What does it do

Answer 48

a way of making copies of DNA

Question 49

what "ingredients" are needed for PCR, what are their functions

Answer 49

nucleotides, DNA polymerase, primers, heat ( to separate strands of DNA)

Question 50

what are the steps in one round of PCR

Answer 50

separate the strands of DNA with heat, use the to make new strands (using nucleotides, DNA polymerase, and primers)

Question 51

how does PCR compare to natural DNA replication

Answer 51

PCR is mutated and controlled

Question 52

what are the problems with using DNA profiling in criminal cases

Answer 52

there can be mistakes, the incident where the guy performing all of the DNA tests accidentally

Question 53

what is a GMO

Answer 53

genetically modified organism