Exam #2

Question 1

1. Lausanne - what was the main goal and what year? Who were the primary leaders?

Answer 1

Year: 1974 Main Goal: world evangelism Primary Leaders: Billy Graham, John Stott, Jack Dain, Leighton Ford

Question 2

Edinburgh – what year? Main focus? Percentage of attendees were from?

Answer 2

Year: 1910 Main Focus: 1) Transport of the gospel to the whole non christian world
2) The church in the mission field 3) The place of education in the national christian life 4) Message of christian mission in relation to non christian faiths 5) Preparation of missionaries 6) The home base of missions 7) Missions and movement 8) The promotion of christian unity. Percentage of Attendees: 80% were from Britain and North America.

Question 3

Vatican II – main decision and major ecumenical outcome concerning Catholic and non-Catholic churches.

Answer 3

Update the Catholic church, speak directly to spiritual needs, desire for church to make a difference, Pope John XXIII (23rd), Reconcile with non Catholic church, Empower the catholic laity (congregation), Mass was now in common language of the people, Basic right of regions, Salvation is by grace, to to receive grace by good works.

Question 4

What event marked the end of Christendom according to Noll?

Answer 4

The French Revolution of 1789

Question 5

What was the origin and significance of this quote: “The source of all sovereignty is located in essence in the nation; no body, no individual can exercise authority which does not emanate from it expressly.”

Answer 5

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Every Citizen.

Founding document, The start of democracy in France and basic human rights for common man.

Question 6

Arnold Toynbee’s quote entails naming “evil religion” as…?

Answer 6

Nationalism, ideology, the state, and class warfare

Question 7

How did Newton’s work plant a seed towards the fall of Christendom?

Answer 7

Demonstrated the explanations for the natural order which could be derived entirely with or without reference to God or the Church’s doctrine.

Question 8

Define Christendom according to Noll.

Answer 8

“that lengthy period of European history when the interests of church and society were thought to be the same and where it was almost universally assumed that Christian spiritual realities were more fundamental than realities of the temporal world” (pp. 246)

Question 9

Identify Vatican I and Pope Pius IX’s contribution concerning papal power.

Answer 9

Conformed the catholic church as the most conservative institution. He was a supporter of the Catholic church and help proser it when Christendom had fallen.

Question 10

Adolf Von Harnack’s summary of the gospel message - 3 phrases.

Answer 10

Fatherhood of God, Brotherhood of Man and the Infinite value of the human soul

Question 11

Jonathan Wesley was born, began his preaching ministry and died, when?

Answer 11

Born in 1703, preaching begin in 1739 and died 1791.

Question 12

What are Wesley’s main innovative contributions to the evangelical movement?

Answer 12

Salvation as experiential knowledge

Salvation through Christ alone.

Question 13

The founder of the pietism is known as _________ and his main 6 proposals for reform were:___________.

Answer 13

Philipp Jakob Spener; *use more of the Bible

• renewal of the priesthood of all believers
• Christian life is more than knowledge and must be lived and practiced
• Christians should restraints in disagreements
• Training for leaders in piety, devotion, academic studies
• Ministers should preach messages that are relevant to their audiences.

Question 14

George Whitefield originally went to America to do what? This original intent was taken from and modeled after the ministry of which leader?

Answer 14

director of orphanage

modeled after: Francke

Question 15

Jonathan Wesley met a group of pietistic believers called the _______on his journey back to England, and they were led by whom __ ? His name reminds me of Harry Potter.

Answer 15

Moravian; Nicholas Von Zinzerdorf.

Question 16

What did the Pietists and Evangelicals hold in common? (5 main ideas)

Answer 16

1. They were all protestants in regard to scripture.
2. True faith required personal experience with God.
3. They maintained a negative bias towards inherited institutions.
4. Principle of Flexibility in regards to political, social, econ, and intellectual life.
5. Lastly, they practiced personal discipline in terms of personal holiness and social service

Question 17

Ignatius of Loyola and the Order that he established in what year?

Answer 17

1540- the Society of Jesus or the Jesuit Order

Question 18

What were the names of the new orders mentioned in class and why were they important? What contribution did they signify?

Answer 18

New monasteries or Movements of Monks committed to poverty, chastity, and obedience.

• Theatines- personal piety and church reform; one would later become pope and strengthen church
• Capuchins - Spring from observant Franciscans; ideals of poverty and service
• Discalced Carmelites- no shoes; life of prayer and contemplation/ St. Teresa of Avila was the Leader
• Recollects, Franciscan - St. John of the Cross; prayer and mystical spirituality

Question 19

What major reforms/ changes took place as a result of the Council of Trent?

Answer 19

• Bishops were to provide spiritual leadership and training seminaries
• Reaffirmed indulgences but not excess
• Reaffirmed veneration of saints
• New devotional material, catechism, orders of worship
• Use of Bible for church leadership ONLY
• Missionary mandate
• Silent on Church/State relationship

Question 20

Describe the early social justice work of the Dominicans concerning those in the New World.

Answer 20

Significant Work = Bartolome de Las/ Francisco de Vitoria Thought critically about evangelizing and respecting Native Americans as human beings.

Question 21

Francis Xavier – name the main missionary countries and monastic order he represented.

Answer 21

Was apart of the Jesuit Commitment order and was a main missionary to India, Malaysia, Indonesia, Japan, and the Coast of China.

Question 22

What did the Reformers agree and disagree about?

Answer 22

Agreed on: grace, scripture faith, (bible as authority, faith alone through salvation, not in favor of monastic life) and disagreed on communion.

Question 23

What did the Council of Trent reaffirm and not change? What were the dogmatic affirmations?

Answer 23

Humans were not passive in salvation
o Scripture/church tradition on same levels
• *the Bible belongs to the church - must be interpreted by the church
• the church is best suited to interpret what it is that the Bible means
also meant - non-ordained people could not interpret/help understand scripture
o 7 sacraments
o mass as offering of sacrifice
• holding their ground on notion of transubstantiation
o Latin Vulgate and Latin languages for Mass
• Institutional change - unifying the cath church/prep for growth beyond Euro
o Bishops were to provide spiritual leadership and training/seminaries
o Reaffirmed indulgences but not excess
o Reaffirmed veneration of saints
o New devo materials, catechism, orders of worship
o Use of Bible for church leadership only
o Missionary mandate
o Silent on church/state relationship

Question 24

Chinese Rites Controversy conclusion – identify the main conclusion as it pertains to cross-cultural missionary activity.

Answer 24

Chinese Rites Controversy- cross cultural translation of Christianity debate “the faith does not reject or crush the rites and customs of any race, as long as these are not evil. Rather, it wants to preserve them.”

Question 25

Where did the Anabaptist originate and what were their main Christian ministry distinctives?

Answer 25

Origin = Switzerland, Germany, Netherlands - Distinction = Baptism and Civil Government - One main leader = Menno Simons

Question 26

Describe the Church of England origin and distinction, including identifying the main leader, and the law/act passed by Parliament.

Answer 26

Act of Supremacy in 1534, King Henry XIII

Question 27

Why were the Anabaptist often persecuted by Lutherans, Catholics, and the Church of England?

Answer 27

Persecuted because supported adult baptism and were against any government

Question 28

John Calvin – was a Reformer in what city/ country?

Answer 28

Geneva, Switzerland

Question 29

John Hus - Major contribution? Famous for?

Answer 29

Advocated for more local church autonomy, spiritual reforms. Famous for stating “it was not necessary to keep ones word to a heretic” concentrated more on the bible, and possible questioning of the dicta of the church.

Question 30

Menno Simons – leader of what movement? What did he stand for?

Answer 30

leader of Anabaptists | opposed all government

Question 31

Zwingli – what did he believe about communion? What city/country?

Answer 31

Zurich, Switzerland. Act of remembrance, of a pledge - historical sense of remembering the body of Christ • No need to over spiritualize it • To get into consubstantiation and transubstantiation is way too much philosophy • Keep it simple and just do what Christ told us to do and remember Him

Question 32

33. The Renaissance Popes and their significance – Identify the 3 mentioned in class.

Answer 32

Alexander the IX - spent lots of $ Julus II - war hog, bribed to become Pope Leo the XI - spent so much $ on art that they started selling indulgences

Question 33

Erasmus – he was a major critic of which pope? And Why? What important document did he write voicing his critique?

Answer 33

wrote about Julus II.

Question 34

The printing press – what was it importance in relation to the Reformation? When was it invented (roughly, use the date in class)?

Answer 34

Invented in 1450 and enhanced mass communication and allowed the spread of information

Question 35

The Act of Supremacy - what year? What country and who was declared the head of the church?

Answer 35

King Henry viii became the head of the Church of England in 1534.

Question 36

Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and Catherine of Aragon – their familial relationship during the Reformation period in England

Answer 36

Henry the 8th wanted to divorce Catherine. She was the aunt of Charles V. who was the King of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor. Charles wouldn't allow Henry to divorce his aunt. The divorce is the cause of the split between the English church from Rome.

Question 37

Thomas Cranmer and the book he wrote – the title of the book and Cranmer’s role in the Reformation...What country?

Answer 37

Archbishop of Canterbury and Responsible for the First Book on Common Prayer 1559, England. Willing to ratify the divorce of Catherine and Henry and Marry Henry to Anne Bolyn.

Question 38

95 Theses – when? Where? What year?

Answer 38

Wittenberg Castle Church, 1517, Martin Luther

Question 39

What monastic order was Luther a part of?

Answer 39

Augustinian Monastery in Erturt in 1505

Question 40

“I am bound by the scriptures I have quoted and my conscience is captive to the __________________________. I cannot and I will not retract anything, since it is neither safe nor right to against ___________________.”

Answer 40

Word of God, Conscience.

Question 41

Recognize the list of Luther’s 5 works from 1520 – names only

Answer 41

Treatise on good works, The papacy of Rome, Address to the christian nobility of the German nation, Babylonian captivity of the Church, The Freedom of a Christian

Question 42

. The Diet of Worms – when and what took place there?

Answer 42

April 1521 in Worms, Germany Luther defies the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. refusing his writings and it charged with heresy.

Question 43

What was the name of Luther’s wife? Why was this marriage significant?

Answer 43

Katherine Von Bora- By marrying they set the Protestant course for family and vocation.

Question 44

Imputed righteousness – part of Luther’s theology of salvation. What does it mean?

Answer 44

Upon repentance and belief in Christ, individuals are declared righteous. Not the believers righteousness rather it is Christ's righteousness "imputed" on the believer.

Question 45

What were the major tenets of the Protestant Reformation: There are three major tenets of faith – pillars or foundational theological thoughts: (sola _____ x 3)

Answer 45

sola gratia, sola fide, sola Scriptura - salvation was by grace alone through faith alone as communicated with perfect authority in the Scriptures

Question 46

Simul justus et peccator – just translate this Luther term and understanding as it related to salvation.

Answer 46

Simul- At the same time Justus - Just/Righteous Peccator- Sinner; The understanding that we are all sinners but because of our faith in Christ we are righteous. Salvation and Justification before God.

Question 47

Luther’s Theology of the Cross – use the notes and books general summary.

Answer 47

A theology in light of Gods own revelation of Christ on the cross. Reveals the fundamental nature of God's involvement of human flesh in the world and on the cross at Calvary.

Question 48

Luther’s Theology of Glory – use the books/ notes general summary.

Answer 48

A theology based in light of what people expect God to be like, basically themselves. This theology acknowledges the cross but views it primarily as a means to an end. A necessary step to the good things in life.