EXAM 2

Question 1

Photoreceptors convert light into _____

Answer 1

Membrane Potential

Question 2

In invertebrates, an increase in light leads to _______ in Membrane Potential

Answer 2

Increase

Question 3

In vertebrates, an increase in light leads to ________ in membrane potential

Answer 3

Decrease

Question 4

Rhabdomeric Photoreceptors

Answer 4

• Light detection
• Help with circadian rhythms
• light leads to depolarization

Question 5

Ciliary Photoreceptors

Answer 5

• Vision
• light leads to hyperpolarization
• Rod & Cone cells

Question 6

Light signals are started with a GPCR called _______

Answer 6

opsin

Question 7

Opsins covalently bind _____

Answer 7

chromophores

Question 8

Photons cause ______ of chromophore

Answer 8

isomerization

Question 9

Isomerization of chromophore leads to ____

Answer 9

changes in the opsin

Question 10

2 opsin pathways:

Answer 10

• Rhabdomeric - depolarization

- Ciliary - hyperpolarization

Question 11

___ chromophore is changed to ____

Answer 11

11-cis-retinal is changed to all-trans-retinal

Question 12

The light absorbing layer in the back of the eye:

Answer 12

choroid

Question 13

Light is focused on the:

Answer 13

fovea centralis

Question 14

Blind spot is caused by the:

Answer 14

Optic disk

Question 15

most of the light is focused in the:

Answer 15

cornea. the rest is focused by the lens

Question 16

Light never pathway:

Answer 16

Rod/Cone cell > bipolar cells > ganglion > optic nerve

Question 17

Rod cells converge on _____ bipolar cell (s)

Answer 17

Many rod cells per single bipolar cell. leads to more sensitivity.

Question 18

Cone cells in the FC converge on ____ bipolar cell (s)

Answer 18

One cone cell per bipolar cell. Less sensitive but much better acuity.

Question 19

Color discrimination is a result of ______

Answer 19

which wavelengths different cone cells absorb

Question 20

_____ cells inhibit neighboring bipolar cells

Answer 20

horizontal

Question 21

The functions controlled by the brain

Answer 21

• higher functions
• complex initiation
• perception

Question 22

The functions controlled by the spine

Answer 22

• reflexes

- pathways for efferent/afferent signals

Question 23

Location of the spinal afferent neuron cell bodies

Answer 23

Dorsal Root ganglion

Question 24

Location of the spinal efferent neuron cell bodies

Answer 24

Ventral horn

Question 25

_____ are bundles of _____ neuron axons

Answer 25

Nerves, peripheral

Question 26

2 types of reflex arcs

Answer 26

- Simple reflex - sensory-motor - Most common reflexes - sensory-association-motor

Question 27

Most common reflexes use _______ to ensure coordinated responses

Answer 27

divergence

Question 28

The Dorsal root ganglion is:

Answer 28

unipolar, sensory

Question 29

Bundles of axons in CNS are called ______

Answer 29

tracts

Question 30

2 kinds of CNS tracts

Answer 30

- ascending tracts - sensory information - PNS receptors to CNS - descending tracts - motor instructions - CNS to effector organs

Question 31

2 types of efferent signals (same side or different side of body)

Answer 31

- ipsilateral - same side - contralateral (most common) - opposite side

Question 32

3 fundamental divisions of vertebrate brain

Answer 32

- Hindbrain - Midbrain - Forebrain

Question 33

Hindbrain

Answer 33

- Medulla oblongata - Pons - cerebellum

Question 34

Medulla oblongata

Answer 34

- regulates breathing - regulates heart rate - regulates blood pressure

Question 35

Pons

Answer 35

- communication center | - pathway for signals between medulla, forebrain, cerebellum

Question 36

cerebellum

Answer 36

coordinates motor behaviors

Question 37

Forebrain

Answer 37

"Higher processes" - 4 lobes - frontal (motor) - parietal (sensory) - temporal (auditory) - occipital (vision)

Question 38

2 hemispheres of the brain are connected by the ________

Answer 38

corpus callosum

Question 39

Primary motor cortex

Answer 39

- movement of skeletal muscle - voluntary - damage is irreversible

Question 40

Premotor cortex (ass'n area)

Answer 40

- integrates muscle signals - muscle groups - damage leads to a loss of skill - damage is reversible

Question 41

Primary somatosensory cortex

Answer 41

- gathers input from sensory receptors - damage is irreversible - damage leads to loss of touch

Question 42

Somatosensory association area

Answer 42

- loss of touch identification | - reversible

Question 43

Primary visual cortex

Answer 43

- primary input from optic tract - some ipsilateral - some contralateral

Question 44

Thalamus

Answer 44

- sorts sensory inputs | - routes information

Question 45

Hypothalamus

Answer 45

- homeostasis - regulates pituitary gland - Maintains ion + water balance - Regulates body temperature - Regulates food intake - Involved in stress response - regulates circadian rhythms

Question 46

Hippocampus

Answer 46

- special processes | - long-term potentiation

Question 47

Long term potentiation (LTP)

Answer 47

- underlies learning and memory | - after tetanus, LTP neuron pathways have increased reaction to the same (non-tetanus) stimulus

Question 48

circadian rhythms are an example of ________

Answer 48

acclimatization

Question 49

SCN

Answer 49

- in the hypothalamus | - controls endocrine system to regulate behavioral rhythms

Question 50

3 branches of autonomic nervous system

Answer 50

- sympathetic - parasympathetic - enteric (digestive organs)

Question 51

Each organ has both ____ and ____ control (with some exceptions)

Answer 51

parasympathetic, sympathetic

Question 52

Muscle Cell RMP

Answer 52

-90mV (due to greater K+ gradient)

Question 53

I-band

Answer 53

actin filamints (thin)

Question 54

A-band

Answer 54

myosin filaments