Exam 2

Question 1

Amphibious means

Answer 1

Greek for living a double life

Question 2

Caudata means

Answer 2

With tail

Question 3

Anura means

Answer 3

Without tail

Question 4

Gymnophiona means

Answer 4

Without foot

Question 5

Amniote

Answer 5

Lay their eggs on land or retain fertilize eggs in the mother

Question 6

Anamniotes

Answer 6

Typically lay there eggs in water

Question 7

Urostyle

Answer 7

In anurans the post sacral vertebrae are fused into a rod like structure

Question 8

Defining characteristics

Answer 8

Amniote, urostyle, cutaneous respiration, three chambered heart, left lung smaller, pedicellate teeth (2 part), Green rods in the retina is to discriminate hues, Ectothermic, obligate breeders, if you Texar give birth to live young, others in bed the eggs on their skin until they hatch.

Question 9

Pedicellate teeth

Answer 9

The crowns of the teeth are separated from the roots by a zone of fibrous tissue

Question 10

Batrachians

Answer 10

The monophyletic group that caudate and anurans formed

Question 11

Lissamphibians

Answer 11

Batrachians and gymnophiona form this monophyletic group

Question 12

Systematics

Answer 12

The study of evolution and classification of organisms

Question 13

Regional diversity

Answer 13

Anurans occur throughout the world are most diverse in the tropics
Caudate are most diverse in the northern continents
Gymnophiona are restricted to the tropics.
Although amphibians are generally restricted to moist environments many species venture far from freestanding water and inhabit trees rocky cliffs and soil Burrows underneath the ground

Question 14

Size matters

Answer 14

Large anurans, with wider gapes tend to eat larger prey

Question 15

Importance of metamorphosis

Answer 15

This is important to remember in reference to anurans, juvenile Lava\tad poles are herbivorous while adults are carnivorous.
Digestive tract gets shorter.

Question 16

Common ancestor of gymnophiona, Caudata, Anura

Answer 16

Stegocephalia

Ichthyostega

Question 17

Holotype

Answer 17

A single physical example or specimen or occasionally illustration\description of an organism

Question 18

Koolasuchus

Answer 18

Beelzebufo ampigna the “Devil Toad” found on the super continent Gondwana. Suggests a land connection between South America, Madagascar, and possibly Antarctica may have existed as late as 65 to 70 million years ago

Question 19

Integumentary

Answer 19

Skin functions as an organ of Osmoregulation and respiration

Question 20

Mucous and granular

Answer 20

All amphibians have these poison or Serous glands. All have a level of toxicity

Question 21

Moisture

Answer 21

Critical to respiration. As much as 90% of an amphibians oxygen needs are met by passive transport through the skin and it’s capillary vessels for respiration. Dried up equals suffocation

Question 22

Integumentary

Answer 22

Present in amphibian larva and in fully aquatic adult species. Mechanosensitive System comparable to the musculoskeletal system

Question 23

Polyphyodont

Answer 23

Animals whose teeth are continuously replaced

Question 24

Diphyodonts

Answer 24

Two successive sets of teeth

Question 25

Hyobranchial apparatus (hyoid apparatus)

Answer 25

Muscles associated with the Hyobranchium, mandible, and cranium, form the mechanical system used to secure food

Question 26

Buccal pump

Answer 26

When muscles in the floor of the mouth contract, the volume of the buccal chamber is reduced, and air is forced through the open nostrils and into the lungs. The nares are then closed and muscles are contracted

Question 27

Four stroke

Answer 27

This method is used by some amphibians and has several stages

Question 28

Two-stroke

Answer 28

This method processes more quickly and is seen in most extant reptiles but does not involve about 20% mixing

Question 29

What is the first vertebra behind the head

Answer 29

Atlas then the second is axis

Question 30

Atlas and axis

Answer 30

In virtually all amphibians, this pair of hemispherical depressions into which the pair of rounded condyles fit, create a particular arrangement which illuminates the ability to move the head from side to side

Question 31

Forelimbs consist of....

Answer 31

Humerus (upper arm)radius and ulna(forearm) and a hand with four or fewer digits

Question 32

Hind limb consist of....

Answer 32

Femur, tibia, and Fibia, and a foot with five or fewer digits

Question 33

Three chambered heart

Answer 33

Virtually all amphibians except Sirenidae and Proteidae possess these

Question 34

Lungs

Answer 34

They are present in most amphibians but 90% of breathing occurs cutaneously

Question 35

Lungs in aquatic amphibians

Answer 35

The lungs seem to be more important as Hydro static (buoyancy) as opposed to respiratory organs

Question 36

Intermaxillary glands

Answer 36

``` Sticky secretion ( food lube) that helps in prey acquisition. Prey is not chewed. The pharynx produces the mucus that helps move food into the thin walled esophagus and into the stomach ```

Question 37

The terminal part of the digestive tract

Answer 37

Cloaca which opens to the outside by means of the vent

Question 38

Urogenital system

Answer 38

The reproductive and excretory systems are closely aligned with one another to form this

Question 39

Osmotic pressure

Answer 39

The ability to store urine prevent this from drawing water from the animals tissue

Question 40

Anura distribution

Answer 40

Most live in lower elevations, found Nearly worldwide. In desert range regions (restricted to oasis) except for Antarctica Greenland Arctic regions of North America and Eurasia and some oceanic islands.

Question 41

Anura Southernmost distribution

Answer 41

The Strait of Magellan

Question 42

Characteristics of Anura

Answer 42

Shortened vertebral column Presence of Urostyle formed from developing tail vertebra. Absence of tail in adults Hindlimb longer than forelimb Fusion of radius and owner into a single element as well as fusion of tibia and fibula. Fusion of separate Hyobranchial elements into a hyobranchial plate A tongue that lacks skeletal support. Tadpoles have keratinous beaks and denticles, as well as a single medial spiracle. To protractor lentis muscles attached to lens

Question 43

How do frogs swallow

Answer 43

Eyes shunt down into the mouth to shove the prey item down the throat

Question 44

Body structure (Anura)

Answer 44

Shortened vertebral column, robust pectoral girdle, and four limbs readily absorbed shock

Question 45

Anura Families of focus

Answer 45

Bufonidae Hylidae Pipidae

Question 46

Bufonidae

Answer 46

“True Toads” Posses Parotoid glands Bidders organ

Question 47

Parotoid glands

Answer 47

Prominent Oregon behind the ear. | When disturbed the total discharge milky toxins from the glands and sometimes through the air

Question 48

Bidders organ

Answer 48

Gonadal tissue that retains female attributes in male toads. Females are a default sex. If the testes of an adult toad are removed surgically the bidders Organ will transform into a fully functional ovary.

Question 49

Bufonidae Reproductive behaviors

Answer 49

Small pigmented eggs that are enclosed single file in strings of jelly like material. No globular masses. Performs auxiliary amplexus, Grasping from behind directly after forelimbs

Question 50

Amplexus

Answer 50

The mating embrace of a frog or toad during which eggs are shed into the water and then fertilized. They are usually laid in temporary ponds. Eggs will develop quickly and most will die.

Question 51

Houston toad | Bufonidae houstonensis

Answer 51

Amplexus lasts a minimum of six hours. | Considered endangered on the IUCN red list of threatened species. Houston zoo is leading in conservation.

Question 52

Golden toad | Incilius periglenes

Answer 52

Unique in the sense that both sexes are brightly colored. Extreme sexual dimorphism. Although colors indicate toxins no true known toxins are discovered within the species. Males may battle in attempt to dislodge a male already in amplexus. Officially extinct in 2004

Question 53

Hylidae Characteristics

Answer 53

Casque heads Teeth on maxilla and premaxilla. Most have teeth on Vomers. Most have prominent tympanum (External ears) Terminal discs.

Question 54

Terminal discs (digits) hylidae

Answer 54

These discs are expanded and adhesive in arboreal species

Question 55

Most acoustic species

Answer 55

Hylidae

Question 56

Hylidae Male gladiator frogs

Answer 56

Attack and shooters with the sharp spines at the base of their thumbs

Question 57

Hylidae Predator avoidance

Answer 57

Parachuting

Question 58

Hylidae Reproductive behavior

Answer 58

Responds greatly to rainfall. Species inhabiting humid forest me breed year-round. No parental care exist exception is with only a few. After deposition of clutch female will return to breeding site and deposit more eggs for food for tadpoles

Question 59

White tree frog Litoria caerulea Hylidae

Answer 59

Husbandry: substrate should be a fine particulate soil or ground coconut fiber which retains moisture well and the small particle size will not impact the frogs got if ingested. Heavy rains can be stimulated in captivity Cool shedding Significance to humans: Caerulin- A drug used to stimulate smooth muscle and increase digestive secretions

Question 60

Caerulin

Answer 60

A drug used to stimulate smooth muscle and increased digestive secretions. Derived from the whites tree frog

Question 61

Red eyed tree frog Agalychnis callidryas Hylidae

Answer 61

Females will descend into the pond where she absorbs water, the leaf is usually folded around egg clutch and hatchlings will drop into water.

Question 62

Pipidae Characteristics

Answer 62

Primitive tongue-less frogs. Highly aquatic and rarely venture out of the water. Loss of tongue is an example of an evolutionary adaptation for life in the water. Lateral lines appearing as a series of stitches. Produce clicking calls Tympanum is absent, Transmit sound vibrations through the inner ear. Will barrow in the mud at the bottom of ponds or swamps. Can estivate up to several months. During rains they will undertake short overland excursions at night and .move from one body of water to another. Shreds the prey with its hind limbs and uses for limbs to shed prey into its mouth. Both sexes vocalize.

Question 63

Lateral line

Answer 63

A system of tactile sense organs that are unique to amphibians, aquatic invertebrates and cycllostome fishes

Question 64

Inguinal amplexus

Answer 64

Exhibited in pipidae Grasping at waist region

Question 65

Pipidae Important to humans

Answer 65

Scientist are discovering substances found in the skin glands which include magainins. Antimicrobial peptides inhibit the growth of numerous bacteria and fungi

Question 66

Surinam toad | Pipa pipa

Answer 66

What we know of them is from observation in captivity since this code is lacking in tea it will lunch at its prey while opening its mouth it was an inflated body creating a vacuum where the parade is sucked into its mouth Female initiates circular tart turnovers while they are together in and plexus together they move to the surface of the water for air while at the surface they flip to flow on their backs and the female will release the eggs allowing them to fall on the mail stomach. They will then flip it to their original position where the mail will now loosen his grip the eggs will roll onto the females back where he will simultaneously fertilize them. Roughly 100 eggs are laid and fertilized, they are pressed into the back of the female the eggs will adhere to the females back not sticking to the other eggs within hours after fertilization the egg Will sink into the female skin and her skin will grow around the eggs completely and closing them. After 12 to 20 weeks the female will molt and the young emerge as tailless flat frogs

Question 67

African Clawed frog Xenopus laevis Pipidae

Answer 67

Lives in warm stagnant grassland ponds usually covered in green algae. Can tolerate a wide variety of PH Males develop nuptial pads on the underside of forearms to grasp the female during braiding. These frogs do not carry their eggs on their back.

Question 68

Major exceptions

Answer 68

Ascaphus truei The exception to “without tail” Pacific tailed frog Coastal tailed frog Western tailed frog

Question 69

Ascaphus truei

Answer 69

The tale is a bony copulatory organ. Extension of the cloaca, used to transfer sperm into the females cloaca during amplexus. Internal fertilization allows for these frogs to breed in fast-moving water