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Wetlands > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Wetland Determination

A

Are you in a jurisdictional wetland or not

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2
Q

Wetland delineation

A

Putting flags at the boundary between jurisdictional wetlands and non-wetlands

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3
Q

Wetland assessment

A

Evaluating wetlands for functions and values to society (i.e. flood control…)

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4
Q

Wetland classification

A

Grouping wetlands into classes and subclasses based upon vegetation, hydrology, etc

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5
Q

Wetland mitigation

A

Creating new wetlands, restoring degraded wetlands, enhancing existing wetlands

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6
Q

Wetland litigation

A

Process of carrying lawsuit over wetland boundaries

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7
Q

Hydrology of an area is determined by

A

1) precipitation
2) stratigraphy (rock layer)
3) topography
4) soil permeability
5) plant cover

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8
Q

amount of freshwater on Earth

A

2% freshwater, 13% potable (87% in ice)

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9
Q

permanent/seasonal abundance of water in all wetlands in form of:

A

1) direct precipitation 2) runoff 3) overbank flooding 4) ground water discharge 5) tidal flooding

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10
Q

permanently flooded

A

flooded 100% of time

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11
Q

semipermanently flooded

A

flooded throughout growing season in most years

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12
Q

seasonally flooded

A

flooded for extended periods of time during growing season

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13
Q

saturated

A

water is at or near surface for most of year, surface water seldom present

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14
Q

temporarily flooded

A

flooded for brief periods

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15
Q

water loss sources

A

1) evapo-transpiration 2) surface water outflow 3) percolation/groundwater outflow 4) tidal outflow

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16
Q

water gain sources

A

1) precipitation 2) surface water inflow 3) groundwater inflow 4) tidal inflow

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17
Q

depressional wetlands

A

within basins or depressions

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18
Q

slope wetlands

A

wetlands along a gradient and adjacent to deepwater habitats

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19
Q

surface water wetlands

A

above the water table

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20
Q

groundwater wetlands

A

at or below water table

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21
Q

soil definition

A

unconsolidated natural material that supports or can support plant life

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22
Q

organic soil definition

A

soil mostly of organic matter (histosols-hydric and follists-nonhydric)

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23
Q

histosol definition and 3 types

A

soil with 16 in or more of organic material on top

  • Saprists- most plant material decomposed (muck)
  • Fibrists- less than 1/4 material decomposed
  • Hemists- even ratio decomposed and not
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24
Q

Follists definition

A

nonhydric soils of northern boreal areas where ‘follistic epipedons (thick layers)’ may form over well drained soils

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25
mineral soils
consist mostly of mineral matter
26
hydric mineral soils & why they form
develop under saturation from low-lying topography, groundwater seepage, or slowly permeable layer of clay/bedrock/hardpan
27
soil profile
description of soil horizons
28
soil horizon
distinct layer of soil oriented abt parallel to soil surface
29
A Horizon
topsoil-zone where OM is being added to mineral soil
30
B horizon
subsoil-zone of max accumulation of materials (more clay, more developed soil structure, lower OM than A)
31
C horizon
loose parental material not sufficiently weathered (less clay and soil structure than B)
32
R horizon
loose bedrock usually at depths too great to impact soil development
33
Solum
upper and most weathered portion (A&B)
34
matrix color
dominant color of a soil
35
chroma
strength/purity of color (Hydrics have LOW matrix chroma) -columns of Munsell
36
hue
major colors of spectrum (ROYGBIV) -pages of Munsell
37
value
lightness of color -rows of Munsell
38
depletions
areas that have lost iron typically develop grayish colors
39
concentrations
mottles that are concentrated in patches and along root channels and other pores
40
reduced matrix
saturated soils that contain ferrous (liquid) iron and may change color with exposure to air within 30 min
41
redoxymorphic features
spots or blotches of different color mixed with matrix | -caused by alternating periods of saturation and aeration **hydric soils have these more prominently
42
depleted matrix
iron has been removed or transformed due to reduction and translocation (low chroma and high value)
43
gleyed matrix
soil horizon/subhorizon where iron has been completely removed by gleization
44
A v. S v. F. soils
A soils = all soils S soils = sandy soils F soils = loamy soils
45
soil texture classes
1) sand 2) sandy loam 3) loam 4) silt loam 5) clay loam 6) clay
46
Alfisols
Deciduous forest soils
47
Andisols
Volcanic soils
48
Aridisols
Desert soils
49
Entisols
Floodplain and sandy soils
50
Gellisols
Permafrost/ extremely cold soils
51
Inceptisols
Young soils ( much of Schoharie co)
52
Mollisols
Grassland soils
53
Oxisols
Tropical soils
54
Spodosols
Evergreen forest soils
55
Ultisols
Older temperate soils
56
Vertisols
High shrink-swell clayey soils (Lake Champlain)
57
Hydroperiods
Variation in wetness over time
58
'A' primary field indicators
A1: surface water A2: high water table A3: saturation All other primaries are B indicators NO SECONDARY A INDICATORS!
59
Group A indicator category
Observation of surface water or saturated soils
60
Group B indicator category
Evidence of recent inundation
61
Group C indicator category
Evidence of current or recent soil inundation
62
Group D indicator category
Evidence from other site conditions or data
63
Water Budgets
Models used to show net gains/losses of water changes in a system

Wetlands (6 decks)

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