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BSN 205 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

The main body fluid is?

A

water

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2
Q

what percent of the adult body is water?

A

60%

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3
Q

How much does the amount of water change in the body in 24 hours?

A

no more than 0.2kg or 0.5 lbs

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4
Q

Cations are?

A

positively charged electrolytes

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5
Q

Examples of Cations?

A

Sodium Na+, potassium K+, Calcium Ca2+, magnesium Mg2+

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6
Q

Anions are?

A

negatively charged electrolytes

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7
Q

Examples of anions?

A

chloride Cl-, bicarbonate (HCO3), phosphate (HPO42-), sulfate SO42-

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8
Q

ICF

A

intracellular fluid, found within cells, contains solutes

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9
Q

ECF

A

extracellular fluid, found outside cell, 1/3 of total body fluid in adults.

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10
Q

Primary solutes in ICF?

A

potassium, magnesium, phosphate, sulfate

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11
Q

Primary solutes in ECF?

A

Sodium, chloride, bicarbonate

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12
Q

ICF and ECF compartments are separated by?

A

semipermeable membrane

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13
Q

Osmosis

A

movement of water across cell membranes from a side of less concentration to a side of more concentration
It is important in maintaining fluid balance

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14
Q

Solutes are?

A

Crystalloids or colloids

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15
Q

Crystalloids are?

A

salts that readily dissolve in solution

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16
Q

Colloids are?

A

protein molecules and others that do not readily dissolve in solution

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17
Q

Osmolality

A

concentration of SOLUTES in body fluids

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18
Q

Tonicity?

A

is the osmolality of a solution

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19
Q

Isotonic
Hypertonic
Hypotonic

A

same osmolality as body fluids (normal saline)
solution has higher osmolality
solution has lower osmolality

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20
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

ability of a solution to pull water across a semipermeable membrane

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21
Q

Onconic pressure or colloid osmotic pressure

A

pressure exerted by plasma proteins that pull water from interstitial fluid into vascular fluid, Maintains vascular volume!

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22
Q

Diffusion

A

Natural movement of molecules due to their random motion. Can occur across capillary membranes

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23
Q

Filtration

A

movement of fluids and solutes together across a membrane

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24
Q

Active transport

A

movement of solutes agains the normal movement of diffusion from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated one

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25
Most common condition of fluid imbalance is ?
Dehydration
26
Fluid INTAKE for average health adult daily?
2500 mL/day, 1500 which comes from drinking fluids and the rest comes from food.
27
Fluid OUTPUT for the average healthy adult daily?
2500 mL/day of input.
28
What are Obligatory losses?
Necessary for normal body functions.
29
4 routes of fluid loss
Urine, insensible fluid loss (not measurable, diffusion/perspiration), Sweat (measurable loss), Feces
30
Vital functions of Electrolytes?
Maintaining fluid balance, Acid-base regulation, facilitating enzyme reactions, transmitting neuromuscular signals
31
Normal level of sodium?
135-145 mEq/L, most abundant cation in ECF
32
Normal level of Potassium?
3.5-5.3 mEq/L, most abundant cation in ICF
33
Normal level of Calcium?
9-11 mg/dL (total) 99% found in bone, 1% found in ECF | 4.25-5.25 (free)
34
Normal level of Magnesium?
1.5-2.5 mEq/L, vital to metabolism, 2nd most abundant in ICF
35
Normal level of Chloride?
95-105 mEq/L, Most abundant in ECF, works with sodium to regulate water balance
36
Normal level of Phosphate?
2.5-4.5 mg/dL, forms bones and teeth, vital to muscle, nerve and RBC function
37
Normal level of bicarbonate?
24-28 mEq/L
38
Newborn; total body water %?
75%, larger ECF because of brain and skin high in Interstitial fluid
39
Infants; total body water %?
65%, high surface area promotes insensible fluid loss, kidneys conserve less water and electrolytes cannot fully regulate until age 2
40
Children; total body water%?
50%, high resp. and metabolic rates lead to greater insensible fluid loss from lungs.
41
Older adults; total body water %
50%, thirst response decreased, kidneys less responsive.
42
Women total body water %
52%, higher percentage body fat than men
43
Men total body water %
60%, lower percentage body fat than women
44
Obese total body water %
30-40%, higher % body fat, lower % lean tissue
45
African Americans total body water %
varies based on above factors. Greater sensitivity to salt leads to hypertension, which then requires higher doses of antihypertensive drugs.
46
Disorders such as Diabetes mellitus and hypertension are associated to what?
Hyponatremia, hypomagnesemia, hypokalemia
47
Which medications are associated with electrolyte imbalances?
Diuretics, Benzo's
48
Conditions that can cause F&E imbalances?
gastroenteritis, burns, oral fluid restriction, chronic/acute kidney disorders, anorexia/bulimia, athletics or vigorous activity.
49
Adverse effects to F&E imbalances?
Dry mucous membranes, increased hemoglobin/hematocrit, Decreased urine output, weight loss, edema, ascites, adventitious lung sounds, nausea and vomiting, confusion, muscle pain.
50
Fluid Volume deficit description, manifestation, interventions
fluids lost secondary to diarrhea, vomiting, inability to take in fluids. Manifestations: dry to tenting skin, dry mucous membranes, increased hemoglobin/hematocrit, thirst, decreased urine output, weight loss Interventions: Oral fluid or IV fluid and treat underlying cause (infection)
51
Fluid Volume excess description, manifestation, interventions
Too much fluid in body, due to IV admin, water intoxication, kidney failure, poor perfusion secondary to (CHF, low cardiac output, hypertension) Edema, pitting edema, weight gain, ascites, adventitious lung sounds Administer diuretics to increase fluid excretion, reduce fluid intake, elevated head if necessary
52
Serum electrolytes?
routinely ordered as screening for electrolyte imbalances
53
CBC
Hematocrit % of volume of blood made up of RBCs. Hct increases with dehydration, decreases with excess. Normal Hct values are 40-54% in men, 36-46% women.
54
Urine specific gravity
urine concentration; Normal values are 1.005-1.030, usually between 1.015-1.024. High urine gravity indicates high urine osmolality, low values indicate low urine osmolality
55
FVE treatment
diuretics
56
FVD treatment
oral fluid replacement in mild cases IV fluid replacement in severe cases Subcutaneous fluid admin ( Hypodermoclysis) when IV is problematic
57
Blood loss treatment
Fluid replacement using blood transfusion/IV colloids
58
Fluid loss from excess sweating, inadequate intake, insensible loss treatment?
IV fluid replacement with Crystalloids.
59
Causes of FVE
retention of sodium/water:CHF, liver cirrhosis, renal failure, adrenal gland disorders, corticosteroids admin, stress. Excessive intake of sodium, drugs causing sodium retention, admin of excessive amts of IV fluids containing sodium 0.9% normal saline or lactated ringer solution.
60
Manifestations of FVD?
weight loss 2-5% mild, 6-9% moderate, >10% severe diminished skin turgor, orthostatic hypotension flat neck veins, tachycardia, pale/cool skin, decreased output.
61
Manifestations of FVE?
cough, pulmonary edema, dyspnea, orthopnea, decreased O2 sats, peripheral edema, anasarca, ascites(excess fluid in peritoneal cavity)

BSN 205 (1 decks)

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