Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
- The primary goal of acid-base homeostasis is to maintain which of the following?
A
To maintain normal pH
2
Q
- What is the primary buffer system for fixed acids?
A
HCO3
3
Q
- The majority of acid the body produces in a day is excreted through the lungs as CO2. What happens to the H+ ions?
A
They bind to an OH forming H2O excreted from the kidneys
4
Q
- If the blood PCO2 is high, the kidneys will do which of the following?
A
Excrete greater amounts of H+ & reabsorb more HCO3
5
Q
- Which of the following mechanisms helps to eliminate excess H+ via the kidneys?
A
Reabsorption of HCO3-, phosphate & ammonia buffering
6
Q
- What is the primary chemical event in respiratory acidosis?
A
Increase in blood CO2 levels
7
Q
- What is a normal response of the body to a failure in one component of the acid-base regulatory mechanism?
A
Compensation
8
Q
- Compensation for respiratory acidosis occurs through which of the following?
A
Increase in blood HCO3 levels
9
Q
- Which of the following accurately describes compensation for acid-base disorders?
A
Kidneys take hours to days to compensate for respiratory disorders
10
Q
- A patient has a pH of 7.49. How would you describe this?
A
Alkalosis
11
Q
- Which of the following clinical findings would you expect in a fully compensated respiratory acidosis?
A
Normal pH, ↑ PaCO2, ↑ HCO3
12
Q
- How is acute respiratory acidosis accomplished?
A
For an acute increase in PCO2, the plasma (HCO3- increases by apporximately 1 mEq/L for every 10 mmHg PCO2 rise above 40 mmHg
13
Q
- What is the most common cause of respiratory alkalosis?
A
Hypoxia
14
Q
- Which of the following are signs and symptoms of acute respiratory alkalosis?
A
Convulsions, dizziness, paresthesia
15
Q
- In a patient with partially compensated respiratory alkalosis, which of the following blood gas abnormalities would you expect to encounter?
A
Increased pH, Decreased CO2, Decreased HCO3
16
Q
- What is a normal anion gap range?
A
+/-12 (8-16 mEq/L)
17
Q
- A patient has an anion gap of 21 mEq/L. Based on this information, what can you conclude?
A
Metabolic acidosis
18
Q
- In a patient with Kussmaul’s respirations, what acid-base disturbance would you expect to see?
A
Metabolic Acidosis, Keto acidosis
19
Q
- What is the treatment for severe metabolic acidosis?
A
NaHCO3
20
Q
- Which of the following states that the rate of gas diffusion is inversely proportional to the weight of the gas?
A
Graham’s Law
21
Q
- Correction of metabolic alkalosis may involve which of the following?
A
Restoring normal fluid volume
Administering acidifying agents
Restoring normal K+ and Cl- levels
22
Q
- What is the normal range for BE?
A
+/-2 mEq/L
23
Q
- What cation is the most prominent in the intracellular compartment?
A
Potassium
24
Q
- What is the most common cause of hyperkalemia?
A
Kidney disease
25
30. Which of the following drugs can be used to temporarily lower K+ in severe hyperkalemia?
Insulin, calcium gluconate, Na+ salts, or large volumes of hypertonic glucose.
If those measures fail, peritoneal or renal dialysis can aid in K+ removal
26
31. Which of the following describes serum Ca2+?
Ionized
protein bound
complex
27
32. Clinical signs of hypokalemia would include which of the following?
muscle spasms and rapid respirations. muscle weakness and cardiac dysrhythmias. confusion and irritability
28
33. What are normal values for serum Mg2+?
1.7-2.1 mEq/L
29
34. What is the normal range for serum phosphate?
1.2-2.3 mEq/L
30
35. Which of the following values would be increased for a patient with COPD?
PaCO2
31
36. Which of the following substances is(are) almost totally reabsorbed from the tubules?
Sodium (Na)
Potassium (K)
Chloride (Cl)
-Bicarbonate (HCO3)
32
37. Which of the following mechanisms control potassium excretion?
Aldosterone
33
38. Which of the following organs is the most powerful and complete in its ability to restore a normal pH?
Kidneys
34
39. What is the normal range for BUN?
8-23 mg/dL
35
40. What is the normal range for creatinine?
0.7-1.3mg/dL
36
41. Which factors are considered when predicting lung volumes?
```
age
height
gender
ethnicity
sometimes weight
```
37
42. Approximately how much of a forced expiratory maneuver is effort dependent?
30%
38
43. Normally, the percentage of the total volume exhaled during an FEV1 by a 20 year old individual is?
83%
39
44. The volume of air that can be exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation is the
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
40
45. At sea level, the alveolar water vapor pressure is normally about
47 mm Hg
41
PAO2 equation
(Pb - PH2O)FiO2 – (PaCo2 * 1.25)
mmHg
42
CcO2 equation
(Hb * 1.34) + (PAO2 * 0.003)
mL/dL O2
43
CaO2 equation
(Hb * 1.34 * SaO2) + (PaO2 * 0.003)
mL/dL O2
44
CvO2 equation
(Hb * 1.34 * SvO2) + PvO2 * 0.003)
mL/dL O2
45
Total oxygen delivery
Qt (CaO2 * 10)
mLO2/min
46
Arterial-venous oxygen content difference
C(a-v) O2 = CaO2 – CvO2
mL/dLO2
47
Intrapulmonary shunting Qs/Qt
(CcO2 – CaO2)/(CcO2 – CvO2)100
%
48
Oxygen consumption VO2
Qt(C(a-v)O2 * 10)
mLO2/min
49
Oxygen Extraction Ratio
[C(a-v)O2 /CaO2]100
%
