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PSYC 101 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

(92 cards)

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1
Q

3 processes of develeopemnt

A

physical: puberty, height
cognitive: how we think, learn, language socioemotional: emotions and personality

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2
Q

Nature

A

refers to an organisms biological inheritance

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3
Q

Nurture

A

refers to an organism’s environmental experiences

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4
Q

Prenatal development: Zygote

A

fertilized egg

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5
Q

Prenatal development; 3 periods:

A

Germinal (0-2 weeks)- cell division, zygote clings to uterus
Embryonic (3-8 weeks)- spinal cord. eyes, heart, arms, legs, and intestines
Fetal (2-9 months)-
- 5th: heart sounds; sleep patterns
- 6th- eyes and eyelids, grasping reflex
-7th slowed growth
- 8th senses functioning

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6
Q

Physical Development in INFANCY: reflexes we lose and keep

A

keep- blinking, coughing, yawning

lose- rooting (touch and turn), sucking, Palmer’s Grasping, stepping, Babinski (foot stroke)

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7
Q

Cognitive Development in INFANCY

A

Increase in- dendrites, myelinated axons, synaptic connections

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8
Q

Physical Development in EARLY CHILDHOOD

A

growth rate slows, gross and fine motor skills increase, ages 3-6: rapid growth in frontal lobe

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9
Q

Physical Development in LATE CHILDHOOD

A

age 10- the brain is 95% of adult weight

smoother, more coordinated actions

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10
Q

Jean Piaget: 4 Stages of Developement

A

LOOK AT PHYSICAL FLASHCARDS

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11
Q

Erik Erickson: 8 Psychological Stages

A

LOOK AT PHYSICAL FLASHCARDS:

4 STAGES IN CHILDHOOD

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12
Q

ATTACHMENT: Ainsworth, Harlow

A

LOOK AT PHYSICAL FLASHCARDS

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13
Q

ATTACHMENT: Konrad Lorenz

A
  • imprinting
  • sensitive period
  • separated geese eggs
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14
Q

Baumrind’s Parenting Styles

A

Authoritarian, Authoritative, Indulgent, Neglectful

LOOK AT PHYSICAL FLASHCARDS

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15
Q

Maccoby and Martin’s Framework (1983)

A

behavioral control- parents as social agents

warmth, support- parents recognize child individuality

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16
Q

Androgens

A

male sex hormones

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17
Q

Estrogens

A

female sex hormones

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18
Q

Puberty

A

period of rapid skeletal and sexual maturation

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19
Q

Hormone Changes

A

testosterone and estradiol

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20
Q

Brain Development

A

Amygdala before prefrontal cortex

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21
Q

Adolescence: Cognitive Development

A
  • Piaget’s formal operational stage

- Egocentric: everyone is preoccupied with me, I am indestructable

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22
Q

Adolescence: Socioemotional Development

A
  • who they are and where they’re going in life *Erickson
  • exploration, commitment
  • becoming aware of who you are as a member of an ethnic group
  • Parents vs. peers
  • –> peer value increase
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23
Q

Emerging Adulthood

A

transition from adolescence to adulthood

  • identify exploration
  • instability in residecence, finances
  • self-focused
  • feeling “in-between”
  • age or possibilities
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24
Q

Early adulthood (20s to late 30s)

A
  • healthiest
  • more bad habits
  • reach peak physical development
  • more realistic, logical thinking
  • long term memory declines
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25
Middle Adulthood (40s to 65)
- more concerned about health - 3 biggest health concerns: heart disease, cancer, and weight - Menopause - intellectual skills peak - crystalized intelligence (cumulative knowledge and verbal skills) and fluid intelligence (ability to reason)
26
life expectancy
number of years that will probably be lived by the average person born in a particular year
27
free radical theory
unstable oxygen molecules cause aging
28
hormonal stress theory
aging lowers resistance to stress and disease
29
Sensation
process of receiving stimulus energies from the environment
30
Perception
organizing and interpreting sensory information
31
Transduction
when sensory information is converted to neural impulses that can be understood by the brain
32
sensory receptors
special cells that convert physical energy into electrochemical energy
33
physical stimulus
the energy source that stimulates | ex: voice is producing sound waves
34
physiological Response
the electrical activity that occurs in your brain and nervous system ex: sound waves enter your ear and are translated through your brain
35
sensory experience
psychological subjective sense | ex: reaction and feeling from the sound
36
absolute threshold
the MINIMUM amount of energy that can be detected
37
noise
anything that is irrelevant and competing stimuli
38
subliminal perception
detecting information below conscious awareness | ex: heavy metal males kids harm themselves
39
difference threshold
the minimum difference a person can detect between two stimuli
40
Weber's Law
to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum %, not a fixed amount
41
signal detection theory
decision-making about stimuli in the presence or uncertainty
42
sensory adabtation
diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation
43
light
form of electromagnetic energy described in terms of wavelengths
44
wavelengths
distance from the peak of one wave to the peak of the next
45
hue
the dimension of color we experience
46
amplitude
height of the hue, brightness
47
purity
a mixture of wavelengths in the light; saturation or richness
48
sclera
protects and helps maintain the shape of the eye (white outer part)
49
cornea
bends light to provide focus and begin to form an image | - clear membrane in front of eye
50
pupil
iris regulates size - adjustable opening at the center of your eye - size based on amount of light
51
lens
- focuses on light into an image in the retina | - changes shape based on the distance of an object
52
retina
begins the processing of visual information
53
fovea
a small area on the center of the retina where vision is best
54
receptor cells
126 million | - responsible for converting the light energy from electrochemical energy and can be read by the brain
55
rods
detect BLACK, WHITE and GRAY | --night vision
56
cones
detect COLOR, require light | -clustered in fovea
57
optic nerve
carries visual information from the eye to the brain
58
blind spot
area of the retina where there are no rods or cones
59
nearsightedness
- lens does not become flat enough | - light rays from distant objects focus in front of the retina
60
farsightedness
- lens does not become spherical enough | 0 light rays from nearby objects focus behind the retina
61
optic chiasm
the point in the brain where optic nerve fibers divide
62
perception
ability to interpret and make sense of sensory information
63
bottom-up processing
processing that starts with sensory receptors and works its way up to the brain
64
bottom-up processing
processing that starts with the sensory receptors and works its way up to the brain
65
top-down processing
starts with cognitive processing the brain
66
gestalt
integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes
67
perceptual consistency
objects are constant and unchanging even though sensory input is changing
68
visual illusions
the dependency between reality and the principal representation of it - when principal cues lead to errors
69
sound waves
vibrations from objects
70
frequency
number of wavelengths that pass through a point in a given time
71
amplitude
amount of pressure produced by a sound wave | - loudness
72
outer ear: pinna
funnel to create sounds
73
middle ear
eardrum and auditory ossicles
74
eardrum
membrane that vibrates in response to waves
75
auditory ossicles
hammer, anvil, stirrup
76
inner ear
oval window, cochlea
77
cochlea
fluid-filled tube
78
basilar membrane
lines walls of the cochlea - hair cells line basilar membrane - sensory receptors of the ear
79
auditory nerve
carried natural impulses from the ear to the brain's auditory area
80
auditory cortex
in temporal lobe
81
consciousness
awareness of ourselves and our environment
82
higher- level awareness
- controlled processes | - actively focusing your attention on a certain goal
83
lower-level awareness
- automatic process - selective attention is put on mute - require minimal attention - day dreaming
84
altered states of consciousness
trauma, drugs, sleep deprivation...
85
subconscious awareness
things that are happening in our mind that we aren't consciously aware of it happening
86
no awareness
unconscious
87
EEG
amplifies and records electrical activity in the brain
88
beta waves
small- fast waves when you're awake
89
alpha waves
large- slow waves when you're awake and relaxed
90
sleep spindles
short bursts of activity
91
delta waves
very large, very slow waves associated with deep sleep
92
circadian rhythms
daily behavioral or physiological cycles

PSYC 101 (1 decks)

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