Exam 2 Flashcards
(203 cards)
1
Q
Which plant does marijuana come from?
A
Hemp plant
2
Q
What are the 2 different marijuana strains (from the plant)?
A
Cannabis Sativa and Cannabis Indica
3
Q
What is the main difference between the 2 different marijuana strains?
A
They produce different types of highs because they have different chemicals in them
4
Q
What is a cannabinoid?
A
A type of chemical in marijuana.
5
Q
What is a psychoactive cannabinoid?
A
The chemicals in the plant that produce psychoactive effects
6
Q
How many psychoactive chemicals are there in marijuana?
A
60-85
7
Q
How many non-psychoactive chemicals are there in marijuana?
A
400-500
8
Q
What is the most important non psychoactive cannabinoid?
A
Cannabidiol (CBD)
9
Q
What happens if we mix CBD (non-psychoactive) with THC (psychoactive)
A
When a pure CBD molecule is placed with other products, it will not produce psychoactive effects
10
Q
What other cannabinoid is similar to cannabidiol (CBD)?
A
Cannabigerol
11
Q
Where does 420 come from?
A
In 1971, a group of smokers met at 4:20pm after school and ever since then, 420 was used as code for weed.
12
Q
How should we describe cannabis sativa’s high?
A
They have a cerebral kind of high since it has an increase on energy and mood.
13
Q
How should we describe cannabis indica’s high?
A
The high for this plant is a bit more relaxing. It produces a numb feeling, makes you tired, and increases the effect of your sensory functions.
14
Q
What is Cannabis Ruderalis?
A
A type of species that is mainly common in Russia
15
Q
What is Hashish?
A
A drug that is extracted from the cannabis plant and contains some psychoactive chemicals
16
Q
What is the THC concentration in Hashish?
A
8-14%
17
Q
How is hashish made?
A
By dry scraping the THC out of the hemp plant leaves
18
Q
What is hashish oil?
A
(different from hashish) It is a cannabis product that is created from hashish.
19
Q
What is the THC concentration in hashish oil?
A
15-60%
20
Q
How is hashish oil made?
A
Hashish is boiled in alcohol to dissociatedTHC molecules and it is then used as a concentrated oil product.
21
Q
What is sinsemilla?
A
highly potent marijuana plant that are kept seedless by preventing pollination in order to retain a high concentration
22
Q
What is the THC concentration of sinsemilla?
A
14-15%
23
Q
What is Bhang?
A
It is a drink made from leaves of the marijuana plant
24
Q
What is the THC concentration of bhang?
A
2-4% (max: 10%)
25
What is butane honey oil?
Also known as wax which is highly concentrated and can be smoked in a bong, pipe or joint
26
What is the THC concentration of BHO?
80%
27
How is BHO made? Who makes this product? What is the name of the process?
People who create BHO are called blasters and the process is called blasting. They take a long tube and blow butane gas through it to heat up. As the heated butane oil goes through the tube, it separates the THC from wax
28
In order, what is the lowest THC concentration to the highest?
Bhang, Hashish, sinsemilla, Hashish oil, BHO
29
What is Reefer Madness?
An example of one of the first public service announcements that brought attention to marijuana
30
The psychedelic era was in the year?
1960-1970s
31
What year was marijuana scheduled?
It became schedule 1 in 1972
32
What are the routes of absorption for marijuana?
Oral, inhalation, sublingually
33
Why does it take long for THC to get you high but gets quickly to the brain?
Because once the THC reaches the brain, it takes a while for it to do its job with receptors.
34
Once THC reaches the blood it is rapidly absorbed in the brain...why?
Because THC is a fat loving chemical that can get across the blood-brain barrier very quickly and easily
35
What is the difference between vaping and smoking?
In vaping, we are inhaling a vapor that has THC molecules dispersed. There is also a heat difference because when we smoke, the plant is burned. When we vape, the plant is heated up.
36
How long is the high for inhalation?
about 1 hour
37
How are brownies made (with THC)?
Marijuana is cooked with butter since THC is fat loving. The butter and THC mixture is then used to bake brownies.
38
How long does it take for edibles to kick in? How long does the high last?
It takes about 45 min to an hour for edibles to kick in but the feeling lasts 4-6 hours.
39
What is the issue with glass pipes?
They have lead in them which can enter our bloodstream and it is toxic
40
What is the issue with wood pipes?
They have dangerous chemicals that can also enter our body
41
What is the issue with metal pipes?
They have different toxic metals that over time can build up in our bodies
42
What are the "safest" types of pipes?
Stone because they don't have many chemicals in them
43
How does the bong technique work?
In this case, we use marijuana with water and the smoke is not as hot as regular smoking.
44
Are smoking marijuana and vaping THC equally bad?
Yes. Vaping may be a bit worse because of all of the chemicals inside of vape cartridges (vitamin e acetate, pesticides, cyanide)
45
What enzyme breaks down THC?
P450 (hepatic cytochrome)
46
What is the first metabolite THC gets broken down into?Is it active or inactive?
2-hydroxy-delta-9-THC... it is an active metabolite that will be distributed back into the blood, reach the brain, and continue to make you high.
47
What is THC's second metabolite?Is it active or inactive?
THC-COOH this metabolite is inactive
48
What is THC's half life?
19-30 hours
49
Where is THC absorbed in our body?
In our fat cells. The more body fat you have, the more THC you will absorb.
50
Why is the urine analysis test positive for THC days/weeks after use?
since THC is in our fat cells, over time, they will get back into our blood stream and it will show up on the test
51
How is THC excreted?
Some of the THC does not get broken down and it will come out in the urine as purely THC. Most of it is broken down until THC-COOH (THC carboxyl) and comes out in urine
52
What metabolite do we test for in the urine?
THC Carboxyl (most comes out through feces.
53
What receptors does THC bind to?
Cannabinoid, anadamide receptors and possibly opioid receptors
54
What are the 2 types of cannabinoid receptors?
CB1 and CB2
55
What is the difference between the 2 cannabinoid receptors?
CB1 is mainly found in the brain
| CB2 is found in our immune system
56
Where in the brain are CB1 receptors found?
In the pre-synaptic membranes (terminal buttons)
57
What is the role of Cannabinoid receptors in the brain?
they decrease Calcium and play a role with potassium
58
Is THC an agonist or antagonist drug?
Antagonist because its receptors infect calcium and decrease the amount of neurotransmitters being released
59
What were cannabinoid receptors meant for?
Anandimide: the chemical that is released when people are stressed, in pain or feel nauseous
60
Why is medical marijuana effective?
Because THC binds to the same receptor as anadimide but since it comes in higher doses, it helps with stress, pain, nausea, etc.
61
How does THC affect opioid receptors?Which specific opioid receptor does it bind to?
The chemicals that bind to these opioid receptors help with pain management so when they are activated (either by opioides or THC), they help decrease pain.
THC binds specifically to mu opioid receptors
62
How does someone on marijuana feel (psychologically)?
- senses are enhanced
- time perception is altered
- mild euphoria (relaxation)
- Hilarity
- mild analgesia (with indicia)
- paranoia
63
What are some cognitive impairments (while high on THC)?
- impaired perception
- impaired attention
- inability to learn/retain memory
- impaired psychomotor function
64
What are some physiological effects (while high on THC)?
- increased heart rate
- variation in BP
- Blood vessel dilation in eyes
- dryness of the mouth and throat
- increased appetite
65
What is the critical period?
Ages 12-18 (adolescents) that smoke marijuana can suffer from functional and structural damages during this age.
66
What are some long term cognitive effects from marijuana?
- attention
- memory
- filtering information
67
What is amotivational syndrome?
The theory that claims that regular marijuana users become unmotivated (not true)
68
What are some long-term physical effects?
-Cardiovascular
pulmonary
-immune system
- reproduction system
69
What is the name of the cancer causing THC chemicals
Carcinogens
70
Why are joints worse for our lungs than cigarettes?
Because marijuana smoke is a lot hotter and it is not filtered
71
How exactly is the immune system affected by THC?
Since CB2 receptors are found in our immune system, we see that people who smoke daily are more susceptible to infection
72
How exactly is the male reproduction system affected by THC?
Over time, it reduces testosterone and sperm formation in males (wont really affect fertility)
73
How exactly is the female reproduction system affected by THC?
In females, it affects the follicle stimulant hormone (the growth of eggs in ovaries). It also affects the Luteinizing hormone which is responsible for attaching an egg to a hormone. Women could also suffer from anovulatory cycle (skipping ovulations, heavy bleeding)
74
How is marijuana's tolerance described?
There is some tolerance that develops over time. (needing more to get the same high)
75
What is reverse tolerance?
A theory that claims that over time, regular THC users will become less dependent because THC is absorbed in their fat so they will need less to get high. This theory is not true
76
How is marijuana's psychological dependence described?
It is a huge issue because people love the feeling it gives.
77
How does the nucleus accumbens and dopamine come to play (marijuana)?
The nucleus accumbens is a part of the brain that receives dopamine. Some people argue that this dopamine plays a role in the dependency. (THC causes more dopamine to be released and gives a "good" feeling)
78
How is marijuana's physical dependence described?
There are some withdrawal symptoms that occur. This includes restlessness, irritability, appetite suppression, insomnia, nausea, cramping and agitation
79
What is appetite suppresion?
Usually when marijuana users quit, they tend to realize they are less hungry since THC makes you more hungry
80
Is lethal marijuana overdose common?
No, deaths are not usually linked to marijuana. Most of the deaths that do occur are because of the combination of THC and other underlying health conditions.
81
What is a risk when obtaining marijuana from an unknown source?
Sometimes marijuana can be sold as a mixture with other drug (without one knowing). A common mixture is marijuana interlaced with PCP
82
What is the intrinsic argument of the gateway hypothesis?
This hypothesis states that some inherent property of marijuana exposure can lead to physical or psychological dependence of other drugs
83
What is the sociocultural argument of the gateway hypothesis?
The relationship (marijuana and the use of other drugs) exist because of the activities and friends that are associated with marijuana smoking
84
Is the gateway hypothesis accurate?
The intrinsic argument is not correct because there are some people who use marijuana but have not tried any drugs. The real psychological and physical dependence to other drugs does not exist.
85
What is an important statistic about marijuana?
Marijuana smokers are 7 times more likely to use stronger drugs than those who do not smoke it or use it
86
People that suffer from which diseases initially began to use marijuana medically?
people that suffer from AIDS, cancer, crohns, and glaucoma
87
What is synthetic THC?
There was a time when scientists tried to create a synthetic THC version. They failed because they did not produce the same effects.
88
What were the 2 synthetic versions of THC?What schedule were they?
Marinol and Cesamet were both schedule 3 drugs
89
Which organization "began" to accept medical marijuana?
The Institute of Medicine, they released a report that started accepting medical marijuana as it is (first step in decriminalization)
90
What is Salvia Divinorum?
It is a plant that is not natural but has psychoactivechemicals
91
What is the psychoactive chemical in Salvia divinorum? What does it bind to?
Salvinorin A It binds to Kappa opioid receptors
92
What are the different absorption routes for salvia?
inhaled, smoked, sublingual
93
How is salvia absorbed sublingually?
There is a tincture that can be placed sublingually
94
What schedule is salvia?
Currently, it is not scheduled in the US
95
What is spice?
A designer drug that was an attempt at creating a synthetic THC for medical purposes
96
What is a designer drug?
A drug that has chemicals that are completely human made. They have molecules that act similar to illegal drugs but are not chemically the same.
97
Who created spice?
John Huffman
98
Can spice reach our bloodstream if ingested?
No, it doesnt survive our acidic stomach
99
What are some physical effects of spice?
- Tachycardia: increases heart rate
- Heart Attack
- Vomitting
- Seizures
- Blood Pressure
100
What is a hallucinogen?
A class of psychoactive drugs that cause alterations in perception, cognition and mood
101
What is the difference between psychedelic and psychodysleptic?
Psychedelic: mind expanding (positive view of LSD)
Psychodysleptic: mind dissolving (negative view)
102
What is a true hallucination?
When someone hears, smells, sees or feels something that does not exist
103
What drugs are serotonin related?
LSD, Psilicybin, morning glory seeds and DMT
104
What is the most commonly used hallucinogenic drug?
LSD
105
Which substance does LSD dissolve in?
water
106
Does LSD easily get across the blood brain barrier?
No, even though it is extremely potent, very little actually gets in the brain
107
Does LSD exist in nature?
No, it is 100% human made
108
What is ergot fungus?
It led us to the creation of LSD. This ergot used to be eaten during starvation. Lots of people died from it because of severe blood loss (necrosis)
109
What was the psychological effects of ergot fungus?
Hallucinations, illusions and seizures
110
How does LSD come from ergot?
Ergot fungus contains lysergic acid (not the same as LSD)
111
Who created LSD? Why did he/she create it?
Albert Hoffman... he initially created a drug to reduce bleeding during child birth.
112
What happened in 1943 with Hoffman's development of LSD?
He had worked with so many versions of the chemicals that he absorbed some through the skin and had the first acid trip.
113
How was LSD used in psychotherapy?
Before it was sent to FDA approval, it was used in clinics and given (in small amounts) to patients
114
Who is Timothy Leary?
A Harvard professor who got ahold of LSD and advocated for it's use in medicine
115
What is the importance of the psychedelic era and LSD?
In the 1960s, LSD caught on as a hallucinogenic, recreational drug
116
How was LSD used by the government?
The CIA and secret agency used LSD to interrogate the prisoners
117
How is LSD absorbed?
For the most part, it is absorbed orally
118
What are the different forms of LSD?
There are stamps, gels and oils
119
How is LSD absorbed in the stomach?
Itis rapidly absorbed in the small intestine, gets into blood stream well but does not enter the brain that well.
120
How long does LSD effects last?
6-9 hours
121
Only about ____ % of LSD from the blood makes it to the brain
0.01%
122
What is LSD's schedule?
It was made a schedule 1 drug in 1966
123
What is the half life of LSD?
2-3 hours
124
Where is LSD metabolized?
In the liver
125
What does LSD turn into once broken down? is it active or inactive?
2-oxy-LSD: inactive
126
How long does it take for LSD to be completely out of the body?
12- 72 hours
127
What is the dose of LSD?
0.03-0.05 mg
128
Are LSD overdoses common?
No, currently, there are no known LSD overdoses
129
Is LSD neurotoxic?
No, people can die while high but the LSD molecule itself won't kill you
130
For LSD to cause death you need ___X the normal dose
400X
131
What happens when someone takes a really large dose of LSD?
They will have severe numbness and it will basically be uncontrollable
132
What is LSD's tolerance described as?
LSD has one of the fastest tolerance levels. Taking it consistently for 3-4 days will have little to no effect
133
What is LSD's dependence described as?
Someone cannot necessarily get dependent to LSD. One of the reasons why is because the tolerance is too quick. No one can get addicted to it in 3-4 days. Another reason is that LSD is very intense.
134
What parts of the nervous system are affected by LSD?
The sympathetic nervous system and central nervous system
135
How does LSD affect the sympathetic nervous system?
- pupil dilation
- increase of body temperature
- increased salvation, BP and goosebumps
136
LSD is chemically similar to _________
serotonin (5HT)
137
What receptors does LSD bind to?
serotonin 2A receptors
138
Is LSD an agonist or antagonist?
Agonist: it binds to 2A receptors and it stimulates it
139
Does LSD affect acetylcholine?
People believe this because when you dream, acetylcholine is released in the brain. Since a dream is a hallucination, there is theory that LSD indirectly affects acetylcholine
140
What are the psychological effects of LSD?
- visual perception is altered
- hallucinations
- sense of time is altered
- auditory distortions
- Emotionality
- body distortions
141
What is synesthesia?
the combination of 2 drug senses
| ex: having visual and audio perception distortions
142
What is expansive effect?
People who have a positive experience on the drug
143
What is constricted effect?
people who have a negative experience on the drug
144
What is the main issue with LSD and your experience?
You never know which one you will get (sometimes positive sometimes negative)
145
What are some common short reactions while on LSD?
- panic responses
| - freaking out
146
What is post-hallucinogenic perceptual disorder?
This is another word for a flashback. Flashbacks are common with LSD and they can occur days, weeks, months or even years later. These FB make the person feel like they are on LSD again
147
What is the psychoactive chemical in spice?
cannabicyclohexanol (synthetic cannabinoid)
148
Which drugs are human made?
```
MDMA
LSD
PCP
Ketamine
Spice
```
149
Which drugs are naturally occuring?
mushrooms
salvia
mescaline
DMT`
150
What triggers flashbacks?
- going from a light to a dark environment
- stress
- laying down before sleeping
151
How many types of psychedelic mushrooms are there?
186
152
Who initially used psychedelic mushrooms? Why did they use it?
They have a history of being used by the Aztecs. They used it as a way of getting close to their God
153
Who brought mushrooms to western civilization? What year
In 1955, Gordon Wasson participated in an Aztec ceremony and brought it to the US
154
What are the 4most common mushrooms?
cubensis, cyanescens, mexicana, and semilanceate
155
What are the primary psychoactive chemicals in mushrooms?
psilicybin, psilicin
156
What is the difference between psilicybin and psilicin
Psilicybin is more talked about but psilicin is stronger
157
How are mushrooms absorbed?
Orally
158
What triggers flashbacks?
- going from a light to a dark environment
- stress
- laying down before sleeping
159
How many types of psychedelic mushrooms are there?
186
160
Who initially used psychedelic mushrooms? Why did they use it?
They have a history of being used by the Aztecs. They used it as a way of getting close to their God
161
Who brought mushrooms to western civilization? What year
In 1955, Gordon Wasson participated in an Aztec ceremony and brought it to the US
162
What are the 4 most common mushrooms?
cubensis, cyanescens, mexicana, and semilanceate
163
What are the primary psychoactive chemicals?
psilicybin, psilicin
164
What is the difference between psilicybing and psilicin
Psilicybin is more talked about but psilicin is stronger
165
How are mushrooms absorbed?
Orally
166
What is the difference between mushrooms and LSD?
Magic Mushrooms are less potent, not as intense and last 2-5 hours
167
What is the main psychoactive chemical in morning glory seeds?
Lysergic acid amide
168
What drugs affect serotonin receptors?
```
LSD
Psychedelic Mushrooms
MDMA
Peyote (Mescaline)
Morning Glory Seeds
```
169
What is DMT?
It is a (SCHEDULE 1) hallucinogen related to serotonin.
170
How is DMT absorbed?
Inhalation or snorted
171
Is DMT in our bodies?
Yes we all have it
172
How is DMT taken orally?
DMT by itself will not survive our stomach but we can take it as Ayahuasca (drink with Harmine and DMT)
173
How long does DMT take for changes to begin (smoking or snorting)
10 seconds
174
How long does DMT last?
1 hour
175
What is the half life of DMT?
15 minutes
176
What drugs are similar to serotonin?
Serotonin like: LSD, shrooms, DMT, morning glory seeds
177
Which drugs are similar to norepinephrine?
MDMA, mescaline
178
Why is ecstasy a dirty drug?
Because it is mixed in with too many other compounds
179
What was MDMA intitially made for?
Psychotherapy
180
Is MDMA neurotoxic?
Yes
181
How is MDMA absorbed? What is the dose?
Absorbed orally, 1-2 pills
182
What breaks down MDMA?
P450, 2D6, and COMT
183
What is the half life of MDMA?
7 hours
184
Does MDMA get broken down?
Only 10-15% is released as MDA, rest is not broken down
185
What is MDMA's relationship to dopamine?
It stimulates it (agonist)
186
How does MDMA affect serotonin?
It blocks it's reuptake (serotonin is built up in the brain)
187
How long are MDMA;s effects?
3-6 hours
188
What parts of the brain are affected by ecstasy?
Amygdala, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, neocortex
189
What is MDMA's dependence?
Both physical and psychological
190
What are the dangers of MDMA's affects?
Death can come with some of the physical effects it has
191
What is adulteration?
When one drug has another drug mixed in it
192
What is MDMA's dangerous adulteration?
DXM (decreases sweating)
193
What is peyote?
A cactus with psychoactive chemicals (schedule 1)
194
What is the psychoactive chemical in peyote?
Mescaline
195
Where is mescaline's concentration the greatest?
Mescal buttons
196
Peyote's only exception is to?
Native Americans because they use it for religious purpose
197
Mescaline is very similar to
Norepinephrine
198
How is mescaline's metabolization?
Very little gets metabolized
199
What is Mescaline's cross tolerance?
Mescaline with psilocybin and LSD
200
What was ketamine initially made for?
For field surgeries (injected) during the Vietnam war or anesthetic for vets
201
What receptors does ketamine affect?
it blocks glutamate and NMDA receptors (NMDA antagonist)
202
What was PCP initially made for?
anesthetics
203
what makes PCP different?
```
it makes people prone to violence, people rarely use it
Mania
Depression
Disorientation
Paranoia
Aggression
Hallucinations
Doll’s eyes- giant pupils they just stare
```
