Exam 2

Question 1

What is the major stimulating factor in secreting digestive enzymes:

Answer 1

Gastrin

Question 2

What are the major functions of bile:

Answer 2

• Break up fat into small droplets

- Absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins in the small intestine.

Question 3

“Prostaglandins” belong to

Answer 3

eicosanoids - subclass of lipids

Question 4

“C3H6O2” is also known as:

Answer 4

• carboxylate ester

Question 5

What is the function of abomasal lysozome?

Answer 5

efficiently breaks down bacterial cell walls

Question 6

VLDL is a major transporter of:

Answer 6

endogenous lipids from the Liver to Fat and Muscle cells with help of LPL (Lipoprotein Lipase)

Question 7

What is the major function of apolipoprotein CII and where does it come from:

Answer 7

Activator of extrahepatic lipoprotein lipase

Liver

Question 8

What VFA is not utilized by the liver?

Answer 8

Acetate

Question 9

What is Acetate utilized for?

Answer 9

de novo fatty acid synthesis
Oxidized via TCA
production of butyrate

Question 10

Acetate utilization is dependent upon:

Answer 10

Energy balance

Arterial concentration

Question 11

_____ is an important precursor for gluconeogenesis.

Answer 11

Propionate

Question 12

_____ is metabolized by the rumen epithelium to ketone bodies.

Answer 12

Butyrate

Question 13

Ionophore feed additives
_____ propionate
_____ acetate

Answer 13

increase

decrease

Question 14

What are 2 things that affect the passage rate of feed?

Answer 14

how you feed

frequency of feeding

Question 15

Rate of flow of solid is slow and dependent upon its _____ and _____.

Answer 15

size

density

Question 16

What is the function of the omasum?

Answer 16

Poorly understood

Absorbs residual VFAs and bicarbonate

Question 17

What is the function of the abomasum?

Answer 17

secretes lysozyme

allows material to enter the SI via pylorus

Question 18

Give 4 examples of Gastric juices.

Answer 18

Pepsinogen
Rennin
Lipase
HCl

Question 19

Give 4 examples of Pancreatic juices.

Answer 19

Chymotrypsin
Amylase
Lipase
Buffers

Question 20

Give 4 examples of Intestinal enzymes.

Answer 20

Sucrase
Lactase
Maltase
Nucleases

Question 21

_____ is the belching of gas

Answer 21

Eructation

Question 22

Ruminants and Microbes have a _____ relationship.

Answer 22

Symbiotic

Question 23

What is an apoprotein/apolipoprotein?

Answer 23

Protein component of lipoprotein
Stabilizes lipoprotein
allows lipoproteins to be recognized by receptors on cell surfaces
Stimulates LPL to remove lipids from the lipoprotein

Question 24

Lipids are stored in _____.

Answer 24

Adipocytes

Question 25

_____ promotes lipid storage by suppressing _____.

Answer 25

Insulin | hormone-sensitive LPL

Question 26

Where does most absorption of amino acids occur?

Answer 26

duodenum | upper jejunum

Question 27

What are the 3 types of Amino Acid Absorption?

Answer 27

Facilitated Sodium dependent Paracellular

Question 28

What is paracellular absorption?

Answer 28

passage through tight junctions of enterocytes

Question 29

Explain the events that take place in the body when a cow receives a dietary N source?

Answer 29

Broken down in rumen by Rumen microbes Ammonia and CO2 production Depending on energy levels - leftover nitrogen will determine how much ammonia will be left over Ammonia is converted to urea and brought to the liver Some is brought back to the rumen through saliva The remaining continues throughout the body and is excreted through urine Rumen protected Nitrogen sources will be broken down in the abomasum and the SI then absorbed through the SI

Question 30

What are some examples that reduce feed intake?

Answer 30

Ration Characteristics - bulky (too much fiber) Physiological state - comp for space (late pregnancy), sudden & significant increase in energy requirement (early lactation) Environmental Factors - temperature, humidity, time

Question 31

Forages - greater intake indicates _____

Answer 31

Faster digestion rate

Question 32

Grain - greater intake may indicate _____

Answer 32

Less energy dense

Question 33

The greater the intake, the _____ the nutrient supply above maintenance

Answer 33

greater

Question 34

_____ : distention of the gut tells the animal to stop eating.

Answer 34

Physical fill

Question 35

_____ : absorbed nutrient in blood is monitored by receptors in brain - tells animal to stop eating

Answer 35

Chemostatic

Question 36

What are the 4 single Factor theories?

Answer 36

1. Gastric distension 2. Glucostatic Theory 3. Thermostatic Theory 4. Lipostatic Theory

Question 37

Explain Gastric distension.

Answer 37

"Stomach growling" hunger contractions of the stomach increased rumen emptying = increase feed intake

Question 38

Explain Glucostatic Theory.

Answer 38

Voluntary feed intake is controlled by glucose | hypothalamus --> blood glucose --> intake

Question 39

Explain Thermostatic Theory

Answer 39

``` eat to keep warm constant body temp food intake --> heat production reduced intake --> body reserves over-eating --> activation of heat loss mechanisms ```

Question 40

Explain Lipostatic Theory

Answer 40

maintaining body fat content

Question 41

Explain the Multi-factor theory: Energostatic.

Answer 41

Energy supply to specific tissue

Question 42

Chemo-receptors:

Answer 42

No evidence for glucose neg feedback | VFAs have different effects

Question 43

Osmo-receptors:

Answer 43

increase rumen osmolarity, decrease voluntary feed intake (dry feed or silage)

Question 44

Temperature receptors:

Answer 44

increase rumen temp, decrease intake and vise versa

Question 45

Hormones: - Insulin _____ intake - Glucagon _____ intake - Cholecystokinin (CKK) _____ intake

Answer 45

Decrease Increase Decrease

Question 46

What are some dietary factors affecting feed intake?

Answer 46

Digestibility (# 1) Energy content of ration Ration Characteristics - roughage content, grain, processing....