Exam 2 Flashcards
(200 cards)
1
Q
Of those that start exercise programs, what percent drops out within 6 months
A
50%
2
Q
Why might obesity be more prevalent in the south?
A
- How they cook their food
- Opportunities to get outside and get pa (biking, bus systems)
- Policies related to gov
- Poverty rates (healthy foods are more expensive)
3
Q
What are some explanations as to why Colorado, DC and Hawaii might have the least amount of obese individuals?
A
a. Altitude (you have to work harder to breathe)
b. With the high altitude mountains, more opportunities to do fun things outside that require PA
c. People who like to be PA gravitate towards outside places
4
Q
Reasons to exercise?
A
- weight control
- reduce risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes
- improved bone health
- reduce stress and depression
- enjoyment
- enhanced self-esteem
- opportunities to socialize
5
Q
Most common barriers to exercise?
A
- perceived lack of time
- lack of energy
- lack of motivation
6
Q
Barriers to exercise: health issues
A
physical limitations, injury, poor health, pain and soreness, psychological issues
7
Q
Barrier to exercise: inconvenience
A
lack of access to facilities, crowded facilities, lacking transportation, other commitments, lack of money
8
Q
Barrier to exercise: lack of social support
A
no exercise partner, lacking support from spouse
9
Q
Health belief model –> The likelihood of someone engaging in a preventative health measure, such as exercising, is based on
A
a. the perception of severity and susceptibility of potential illnesses
b. the cost benefit appraisal of the preventive action
10
Q
What is the “equation” for the health belief model
A
Perceived severity and susceptibility (of health outcome) + Cost/benefit appraisal of preventive action (exercise) = exercise behavior
11
Q
For the health belief model, is the benefits are higher than than the barrier, then…
A
you are more likely to do the exercise
12
Q
What are the main constructs of the health belief model
A
- perceived severity
- perceived susceptibility
- perceived barriers (costs)
- perceived benefits
13
Q
Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) –> goal
A
understand and predict social behaviors
14
Q
Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) –> basic assumptions
A
- social behaviors are voluntarily controlled
- intentions are the best predictor of behavior
15
Q
Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) –> intentions are determined by what two factors?
A
- Attitude toward behavior (do you think important)
2. Subjective norm (how do the people around you feel about the behavior)
16
Q
Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) evolved into what
A
Theory of planned behavior
17
Q
Attitude
A
A person’s positive or negative thoughts concerning the performance of a behavior
18
Q
What two factors influence attitude
A
- behavioral beliefs
- the beliefs about the consequences of carrying out this option - Evaluation of behavioral outcomes
- do they feel they the behavior is important
19
Q
Subjective norm
A
The degree to which a person feels social pressure to perform the behavior
20
Q
What two factors influence subjective norm?
A
- Normative beliefs
- Perceptions if significant others in your life approve/disapprove that behavior - Motivation to comply
- Your desire to comply with the views of the people around you
- Doctors orders
- Spouse thinking you should do something
21
Q
The strongest predictor of behavior is what
A
intention
22
Q
What needs to happen in order to get people to increase their PA
A
increase individual intention because intention is the best predictor of behavior
23
Q
How can we improve ones attitude toward exercise for the Theory of Reasoned Action and Theory of Planned Behavior?
A
- make it more fun
- talk about benefits of exercise
- educate (guidelines)
- increase self-efficacy
- offer support
24
Q
How can we exert external pressure to exercise for the Theory of Reasoned Action and Theory of Planned Behavior
A
- social pressure
- family (nudge family to exercise)
25
Which approach is more likely to cause long term changes in exercise behavior for the Theory of Reasoned Action?
improving ones attitude toward exercise --> comes from within --> make them want to do it themselves --> leads to stronger adherence
26
intentions do now always lead to intended behavior, what are some behaviors are ex.
- especially repeatable behaviors
| - especially behaviors that will not be attempted in the immediate future
27
Theory of planned behavior
Extension of Theory of Reasoned Action
| - better predicts continuing or repeatable behaviors
28
The theory of planned behavior adds what construct what makes it differ from the theory of reasoned action?
perceived behavioral control
29
Perceived behavioral control
The degree of personal control the individual perceives he or she has over the behavior in question
30
What two factors influence perceived behavioral control
1. Control beliefs
- -> Whether or not you feel you can engage in that behavior
2. Perceived power
- -> To what extend does being tired make exercise difficult
31
Theory of reasoned action intervention implications
Focus on increasing strength of intention to exercise by improving ones attitude toward exercise and exerting external pressure to exercise
--> remember that improving ones attitude is more likely to cause long term changes in exercise behavior because it comes from within which makes the individual want to do it themselves, which leads to stronger adherence.
32
What are intervention Implications for the Theory of Planned Behavior
Focus on increasing strength of intention to exercise by improving ones attitude toward exercise, exerting external pressure to exercise, and increasing perceived behavioral control.
33
How can we increase perceived behavioral control in the theory of planned behavior?
We can do this by giving that individual autonomy
ex. providing transportation to get someone to workout facility; having someone pick the activities they do (enhance their sense of control)
34
Which approach is more likely to cause long term changes in exercise behavior in the Theory of Planned Behavior?
Perceived behavioral control --> attitude --> external pressure
35
What are the main constructs in the Theory of Planned Behavior?
attitudes, subjective norm and perceived behavioral control
36
Self-Efficacy Theory
Persona, behavioral and environmental factors have a bidirectional influence on each other
- reciprocal determinism
37
What is a very important aspect of the Self-efficacy theory?
the persons self-efficacy or situation-specific confidence
38
The self-efficacy theory is also called what
Social cognitive theory
39
How does self-efficacy influence exercise?
- Self-efficacy positively influences exercise adherence, exercise intention, and effort expenditure
- Greatest impact is when individuals are initiating a regular exercise program or attempting long-term maintenance of exercise
40
How does exercise influence self-efficacy?
- Exposure to single bout of exercise = mastery experience enhanced self-efficacy
- Long term exercise interventions increases in feelings of self-efficacy
- Evidence consistent for clinical and asymptomatic populations
41
What are the main constructs of the Self-Efficacy theory?
personal factors, environmental factors, behavior
42
What are the two fundamental premises of the Self-Determination Theory?
1. Humans have three basic needs: Competence, Autonomy (self-determination), and Relatedness
2. Motivation occurs on a continuum and includes different types of intrinsic and extrinsic motives
43
An activity that fulfills basic psychological needs will increase what
an individual’s motivation toward the intrinsic end of the continuum
44
More intrinsically motivated individuals (for exercise) will have higher levels of what
exercise adherence
45
Amotivation
v
46
exernal regulation motivation
v
47
introjected motivation
v
48
identified motivation
v
49
integrated motivation
v
50
intrinsic motivation
v
51
What are the main constructs of the determination theory?
Competence, autonomy, relatedness, motivation
52
Transtheoretical Model (TTM) components
1. Stages of change
2. processes of change
3. decisional balance
4. self-efficacy
53
What describes how people more through the stages of change for the Transtheoretical Model (TTM)?
Processes of change, decisional balance, and self-efficacy
54
Transtheoretical Model (TTM): stages of change
1. Pre-contemplation
2. Contemplation
3. Preparation
4. Action
5. Maintenance
6. Termination
55
What are the cognitive processes of change?
- Consciousness raising
- Dramatic relief
- Self-evaluation
- Environmental reevaluation
- Social liberation
56
What are the behavioral processes of change?
- counter-conditioning
- helping relationships
- reinforcing management
- self-liberation
- stimulus control
57
What are the main constructs in the Transtheoretical Model (TTM)?
1. Stages of Change
- Pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance
2. Processes of Change
- Cognitive and behavioral
3. Decisional Balance
4. Self-Efficacy
58
What are the 2 healthiest countries? and what is the US ranked?
Spain (1)
Italy (2)
US (35)
59
Why might Spain and Italy have better health/
a. Scenic (want to be outside)
b. Weather
c. National healthcare and more access to healthcare
d. Diet
e. Culture
60
What are the determinants of exercise adherence?
1. Demographic
2. Psychological/cognitive
3. Behavioral
4. Sociocultural
5. Environmental
6. Programmatic
61
Determinants of Exercise Adherence: Demographic
age, gender, occupation, socioeconomic status
62
Determinants of Exercise Adherence: Psychological/cognitive
self-motivation, positive body image, self-efficacy, knowledge about physical activity
63
Determinants of Exercise Adherence: Behavioral
previous physical activity, smoking, sport participation
64
Determinants of Exercise Adherence: Sociocultural
parental influences, social support
65
Determinants of Exercise Adherence: environmental
access to facilities, time spent outside, neighborhood design, local crime, weather
66
Determinants of Exercise Adherence: Programmatic
physical activity intensity, leader characteristics, group vs. individual programs
67
DEMOGRAPHIC determinants of exercise adherence: correlation of PA with the following
- age
- blue-collar occupation
- education, sex (male)
- high risk for heart disease
- socioeconomic status
- overweight
a. age = negative
b. blue-collar occupation = negative
c. education positive
d. sex (male) = positive
e. high risk for heart disease = negative
f. socioeconomic status = positive
g. overweight = neutral (not enough evidence)
68
COGNITIVE or PERSONALITY determinants of exercise adherence: correlation of PA with the following
a. Attitudes
b. Barriers to exercise
c. Enjoyment of exercise
d. Expectations of health benefits
e. Intention of exercise
f. Knowledge of health and exercise
g. Lack of time
h. Mood disturbance
i. Perceived health or fitness
j. Self-efficacy for exercise
k. Self-motivation
a. Attitudes = neutral
b. Barriers to exercise = negative
c. Enjoyment of exercise = positive
d. Expectations of health benefits = positive
e. Intention of exercise = Positive
f. Knowledge of health and exercise = positive
g. Lack of time = negative
h. Mood disturbance = negative
i. Perceived health or fitness = positive
j. Self-efficacy for exercise = positive
k. Self-motivation = positive
69
BEHAVIORAL determinants of exercise adherence: correlation of PA with the following
a. Diet
b. Past childhood unstructured physical activity
c. Past adult unstructured physical activity
d. Past Program participation
e. School sports
f. Smoking
a. Diet = neutral
b. Past childhood unstructured physical activity = neutral
c. Past adult unstructured physical activity = positive
d. Past Program participation = positive
e. School sports = neutral
f. Smoking = negative
70
SOCIAL ENVIRONMENTAL determinants of exercise adherence: correlation of PA with the following
a. Class size
b. Group cohesion
c. Physician influence
d. Past family influences
e. Social support friends/peers
f. Social support spouse/family
g. Social support staff/instructor
a. Class size = neutral
b. Group cohesion = positive
c. Physician influence = neutral
d. Past family influences = positive
e. Social support friends/peers = positive
f. Social support spouse/family = positive
g. Social support staff/instructor = positive
71
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTAL determinants of exercise adherence: correlation of PA with the following
a. Climate/season
b. Cost
c. Disruption in routines
d. Access to facilities: actual
e. Access to facilities: perceived
f. Home equipment
a. Climate/season = negative
b. Cost = neutral
c. Disruption in routines = negative
d. Access to facilities: actual = positive
e. Access to facilities: perceived = positive
f. Home equipment = neutral
72
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY related determinants of exercise adherence: correlation of PA with the following
a. Intensity
b. Perceived effort
c. Group program
d. Leader qualities
a. Intensity = negative
b. Perceived effort = negative
c. Group program = positive
d. Leader qualities = positive
73
Strategies to Increase Exercise Adherence
1. Behavior Modification Approaches
2. Cognitive-behavioral Approaches
3. Decision Making Approaches
4. Social Support Approaches
5. Ecological Approaches
6. Intrinsic Approaches
74
What are the components of Behavior Modification Approaches?
a. Prompts
b. Contracting
c. Charting attendance and participation
d. rewarding attendance
e. Providing feedback on progress
*might want to look up what these mean*
75
How can contracting be a behavior modification approach
Enter a contract to specify expectations, responsibilities, contingencies, and goals for exercise
76
Cognitive-behavioral approaches highlight what
the role our thoughts play in behavior change
77
Goal setting
Motivational techniques focused on desired behaviors or outcomes in the future
78
Goal setting is apart of what strategy to increase exercise adherence?
cognitive-behavioral approaches
79
Association and Dissociation
Focus of attention on _____ (how one feels) or _____ (environment) factors during exercise.
*may want to look up what those spaces mean*
80
Association and dissociation is apart of what strategy to increase exercise adherence?
cognitive-behavioral approaches
81
What are the principles of effective goal setting?
```
Specific
Measurable
Attainable
Relevant
Time-bound
```
82
Decision making approaches: decision balance sheet
increasing awareness of the benefits and costs of a behavior change (e.g., exercise program)
- Can include costs and benefits, or just benefits
- Can include the self and/or others
83
Social Support Approaches
Existing social support network can influence exercise
| --> enhancing social support in an exercise can increase exercise adherence
84
Ecological Approaches
Emphasizing institutional factors, community factors, and public policy
- services to link clients to perform activities together
- increasing accessibility of facilities in the community
85
Intrinsic Approaches
Strategies to enhance the enjoyment, fun, and pleasure of exercising
86
Intrinsic approaches lead to what
long-term exercise adherence
87
intrinsic approaches focus on what
the experience and process (not the reward or outcome)
88
Intrinsic approaches include participation in what
purposeful and meaningful activities
89
Describe a parents influence in one's sports and exercise life
Parents are usually a child’s earliest and strongest influence in sport and physical activity (until adolescence)
90
Parents influence their child’s sport/exercise behavior by serving as what?
Providers of Experience
Interpreters of Experience
Role Models
91
What is the dark side of parent support
pressure and control
92
Describe a siblings influence in one's sports and exercise life
Sibling influence is stronger in adolescence than childhood
93
What is the positive social influence that siblings have on sports and exercise life?
Introduction to sport
Serve as role models
Play and practice together
94
Describe the Paradoxical Relationship between siblings in sports and exercise life
Participation in sport strengthens and challenges sibling relationship
- Enhance connection and shared sense of identity
- Teasing, rivalry, or comparisons can challenge sibling relationship and sport participation
95
Describe the peer influence in one's sports and exercise life in adolescence
In adolescence, peers become an important source of social influence (not just in sport/exercise)
- -> Friends’ and teammates’ attitudes/behaviors influence persistence and dropout
- -> Positively associated with motivation, participation, and PA levels
96
Describe the peer influence in one's sports and exercise life in adulthood
In adulthood, friends and exercise group continue to influence exercise behaviors and adherence
- More cohesive exercise groups foster greater exercise adherence
97
What are the two types of peer relationships that influence sports and PA?
Book
98
Dog owners are ___ more likely to meet recommended PA levels than non-owners
30%
99
Describe the coach and exercise leader influence in one's sports and exercise life
Coaches influence athletes’ motivation and persistence in sport
- leadership style
- feedback and reinforcement
- motivational climate
100
Exercise leaders and personal trainers are often cited as what?
the single most important determinant of continued participation in exercise program
- leadership style
- feedback and reinforcement
- role model
101
What are the leadership styles
1. Training and instructional
2. Democratic
3. Autocratic
4. Social support
5. Positive feedback
102
Training and instruction leader style
a. Emphasize hard work and strenuous training
b. Instruct in skills, techniques, and tactics
c. Clarify the working relationship among team members and specify player expectations
103
Democratic leadership style
Decision-making style: allows athletes to take part in decisions
- group goals
- practice methods
- game tactics and strategies
104
Autocratic leadership style
Decision-making style:
- Stays aloof from players
- Stresses personal authority
- Doesn’t consult members in making decisions
105
Social support leadership styles
- Provided to members independent of performance
| - Usually extends outside of sport
106
Positive feedback leadership styles
- Responds to good performance w/ praise or rewards
- Positive feedback is contingent on performance
- Does not extend outside sport context
107
What types of leadership styles do the difference genders prefer
Male prefer T&I and Autocratic
| Female prefer Democratic
108
Those with high task motivation prefer what leadership style?
T&I
109
Highly skilled people prefer what leadership style?
T&I, Democratic, and Rewarding
110
Older and more mature people prefer what type of leadership style?
Autocratic
111
Preference for the social support leadership style increases throughout what stages of life?
throughout highschool and into college
112
Describe the trend for the preference for T&I leadership style
decreases through high school and then increases again in college
113
If an action has good consequence -->
people will tend to repeat that behavior
114
If an action has unpleasant consequences -->
people will tend to not repeat that behavior
115
Positive reinforcement
Presenting positive reward after desirable behavior to increase likelihood of repetition
116
Positive Punishment
Presenting negative consequence after undesirable behavior to decrease likelihood of repetition
117
Negative reinforcement
Removing/avoiding a negative outcome after a desirable behavior to increase likelihood of repetition
118
Negative punishment
Removing a desired reward/item after undesirable behavior to decrease likelihood of repetition
119
Motivational feedback
attempts to facilitate performance by enhancing confidence, inspiring greater effort and energy expenditure
120
Instructional feedback
provides information about the specific behavior that should be performed, the level of proficiency to strive for, or current level of proficiency
121
Contingent vs. non-contingent feedback
book
122
verbal behaviors
book
123
nonverbal behaviors
n
124
Motivational Climate: Mastery (Task-involving)
a. Success is defined in self-referenced ways
- Improvement, effort, mastery
b. Mistakes are viewed as part of the learning process
125
Motivational Climate: Performance (Ego-involving)
a. Success is defined in norm-referenced ways
- Social comparison and outcomes
b. Mistakes are seen as failures
126
Mastery or performance motivational climate is determined by what
TARGET approach
- Task
- Authority
- Recognition
- Grouping
- Evaluation
- Timing
127
TARGET: Task
- Players are giving different skills and/or tasks to work on
- All players are completing the same task
128
TARGET: Authority
- Democratic leadership style
| - Autocratic leadership style
129
TARGET: recognition
- Recognizes the progress and individual accomplishments of players
- Publicly recognize or congratulate an individual who outperforms peers
130
TARGET: Grouping
- More likely to have players with mixed abilities and are adjusted frequently
- More distinct groups based on ability and will likely stay in these groups
131
TARGET: Evaluation
- Self-referenced and based on personal improvements
| - Norm-referenced or rank ordered
132
TARGET: Time
- Time to complete tasks are flexible
| - Time to complete tasks are more rigid
133
Five types of social support in PA
1. Instrumental support
2. Emotional support
3. Informational support
4. Companionship support
5. Validation
134
Instrumental support
Practical assistance
135
Emotional support
Expressions of encouragement, caring, empathy, and concern
136
Informational support
Direction, advice, education, feedback
137
Companionship support
availability of people to provide support
138
Validation
Comparing oneself to others in order to monitor progress or to confirm (validate) thoughts, feelings, problems and experiences are "normal"
139
How does social support influence exercise behavior
1. Size of social network
| 2. Type and timing of social support
140
How does the size of social network influence exercise behavior?
Individuals with a greater number of people to exercise with are more likely to meet physical activity guidelines vs. those with few or no others to exercise with
BUT, we don’t know the type and timing of social support that is most valuable to exercisers
141
How does the type and timing of social support influence exercise behavior?
Companionship and emotional support related to higher physical activity levels, especially for women
142
How does the timing of support matter?
- Instrumental support important at beginning of new exercise habits
- Informational support important at beginning of exercise
- Combo of emotional and instrumental important to maintain exercise adherence
143
Why is social support important in recovering from injury?
- reduce distress
- increase motivation
- improve treatment adherence
144
Phases of injury: injury
occurrence of injury to beginning of treatment
145
Phases of injury: Rehabilitation
When skiers received medial attention to return to full activity
146
Phases of injury: Return to full activity
When skiers return to training and competition until their felt fully recovered
147
What are the DSM-V criteria for anorexia nervosa?
- restriction of energy intake relative to requirements leading to significantly low body weight in the context of age, sex, developmental trajectory and physical health
- intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, or persistent behavior that interferes with weight gain even though at a significantly low weight
- Disturbance in the way one’s body weight or shape is experienced, undue influence of body weight/shape on self-evaluation, or persistent lack of recognition of the seriousness of the current low body weight
148
What is the prevalence of anorexia nervosa between the genders?
0.9% of women and 0.3% of men had/have
| anorexia at some point in life
149
Anorexia is the _____ more common chronic disease among adolescents
3rd
150
Incidence of anorexia has increased over the past 50 years in females aged what
15-24
151
What are the DSM-V criteria for bulimia nervosa
- Recurrent episodes of binge eating (eating an amount of food larger than most people would eat in a similar time frame and under similar circumstances AND a sense of lack of control over eating during the episode
* Recurrent inappropriate compensatory behavior to prevent weight gain (vomiting, laxatives, diuretics, other medications, fasting, excessive exercise)
* Binge eating and inappropriate compensatory behavior both occur on average 1x per week for 3 months
* Self-evaluation is unduly influenced by body shape and weight
152
What is the prevalence of bulimia nervosa between the genders?
1.5% of women and 0.5% of men had/have bulimia at some point in life
153
up to what percent of adolescents and adults engage in disordered eating
60%
154
Predisposing factors for developing an eating disorder: Environmental factors
- media influences
- weight restrictions and standards
- coach and peer pressures
- performance demands
- judging criteria
155
Predisposing factors for developing an eating disorder: Personal factors
- competitiveness
- concern with performance
- body image
- perfectionism
- conformity
- history of dieting
156
Predisposing factors for developing an eating disorder: biological factors
- close relative with eating disorder or mental health condition
157
"Aesthetic sports"
sports with judgement criteria
158
Recognizing eating disorders: Physical signs and symptoms
* Extreme weight loss or fluctuations
* Muscle cramps and weakness
* Stomach complaints (cramps, GI issues) • Many others...
159
Recognizing eating disorders: psychological-behavioral signs and symptoms
```
• Unusual eating patterns (refusal to eat certain foods, skipping meals, cutting out food groups)
• Excessive and frequent dieting
• Guilt about eating
• Preoccupation with food (calories,
carbohydrates, fat, dieting)
• Avoidance of public eating
• Disappearing after eating
```
160
How can we prevent eating disorders?
- promote proper nutritional practices
- focus on fitness, not body weight
- create a mastery motivational climate
- be sensitive to weight issues
161
Why are athletes less likely to state that they have an eating disorder?
they fear they might be forced to stop their sport or they are unaware their signs and symptoms are that of an eating disorder
162
Research in the past 15 years indicate a greater prevalence of eating disorders among who
in athletes than non- athlete
| --> Between 1% and 20% of athletes reported having an eating disorder
163
What gender of athletes report higher levels of eating disorders
female
164
Eating disorders and pathogenic weight loss techniques tend to have what type of prevelance?
a sport-specific prevalence
165
Exercise dependence is also known as
* Exercise addiction
* Obligatory exercise
* Excessive exercise
* Compulsive exercise
* Exercise bulimia
166
Addiction to exercise: positive addiction
* Enhance psychological strength
* Increase life satisfaction
* “Healthy Habit”
167
Addiction to exercise: negative addiction
* Personal and social maladjustment
| * Dependence and withdrawal
168
Maladaptive pattern of physical activity that leads to significant impairment or distress as manifested by 3+ criteria
- tolerance (increased ex. tolerance)
- withdrawal
- intention (more than intended)
- lack of control
- time
- reduction of other activities
- continuance despite problem
169
How to prevent exercise addiction
- schedule rest days
- work out with “slower” partner
- if injured, STOP
- vary training
- goals: short-term and long term
170
DSM-V: substance use disorder
A pathological set of behaviors related to the use of a substance (e.g., alcohol, opioids, stimulants, tobacco, etc.)
171
What are the 11 diagnostic criteria in 4 broader categories for substance use disorders
Impaired control (4 criteria), social impairment (3 criteria), risky use (2 criteria), pharmacological indicators (2 criteria)
- -- 2-3 criteria = mild
- -- 4-5 criteria = moderate
- -- 6+ criteria = severe
172
substance abuse: Prevalence of sports and exercise
```
Similar to eating disorder prevalence, difficult to assess accurately
1. Alcohol use
• High school: 50-92%
• College: > 85%
• Male athletes > nonathletes
• Female athletes = nonathletes
• Student-athletes: high-risk for heavy
drinking
• Decrease during competitive season
```
2. Performance-Enhancing Drugs
• ~ 3% in high school seniors
• 3-5x higher use in males than females
• Exercisers 1.4x more likely than non- exercisers to use
• Anonymous survey of elite athletes: reports estimate 32-45% violating anti- doping regulations
173
What are the physical reasons that someone would abuse substances?
- enhance performance (Primary reason)
- look more attractive by building bigger muscles
- cope with pain/injury
- control weight
174
What are the psychological reasons that someone would abuse substances?
- escape from unpleasant emotions
- improve self-confidence
- fear of failure
175
What are the social reasons that someone would abuse substances?
```
- pressure from peers and desire
to gain group acceptance
- modeling older, more experienced
exercisers or pro athletes
- media and financial gains
- thrill seeking/curiosity
```
176
how can you detect substance abuse?
```
• Changes in behavior - Motivation, attendance
• Change of social group
• Personality changes
• Athletic and academic
performance
• Apathy
• Impaired judgment
• Poor hygiene
• Muscular twitches/tremors
• How to approach an individual you’re concerned about...
```
177
How can you prevent substance abuse?
• Drug testing and presenting information on punishments deterred only 5% of social users
```
• Drug education deterred only 5% of regular users
- teach coping skills
- supportive environment with structured
free time
- education
- set example
- more severe professional sanctions?
```
178
What are some drug prevention programs for athletes?
Drug Prevention Programs for Athletes
* ATLAS (Athletes Training and Learning to Avoid Steroids) for boys
* ATHENA (Athletes Targeting Health Exercise and Nutrition Alternatives) for girls
* Evidence-based drug prevention and health promotion programs for high school sports teams
179
Body image
A multidimensional construct that reflects how we see our own body—how we think, feel, and act toward it
180
What are the 4 components to body image
1. Perceptual = how we see our bodies and how we imagine ourselves to look
2. Cognitive = how we think about and evaluate our body (appearance and function)
3. Affective/emotional = how we feel about our bodies appearance and function
4. Behavioral = how we act that reflects our positive and negative perceptions, thoughts and feelings
181
body ideal
how we think would body should look and function
182
What person and social factors influence people's body ideal?
personal factors could be activity participation (body building activities)
some social factors is influence of media (thin for women muscular for men)
183
Body Image disturbance
- negative self-evaluations along any/all of the body
image dimensions
- indicates a discrepancy between ind. body image
and their body ideal and body dissatisfaction
184
healthy body image
- positive self-evaluations along all body image dimensions
- indicates a similarity between ind. body image
and their body ideal
185
body image changes
* 1973: 15% of men, 25% of women dissatisfied with appearance
* 1997: 43% of men, 56% of women dissatisfied with appearance
* 2006: 46% of men, 59% of women felt bodies were “just ok” or unattractive
186
If body image disturbance is not classified as a mental health disorder, what is it?
a symptom and key diagnostic figure of eating disorders and body dysmorphic disorder
187
Social physique anxiety
High levels of anxiety when others have the ability to evaluate one’s body
188
What are the 3 reasons that body image is important?
1. Healthy body image related to psychological well-being
- better self esteem
- lower risk for depression and anxiety
2. Poor body image is related to psychological ill-being
- -> body dysmorphia disorder
3. Poor body image is related to physical ill-being
- body image disturbances is risk factors for developing
- anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa
-body image disturbance can lead to steroid use to change
physical appearance
- body image disturbance generally does not lead to increased PA or
or health eating behavior
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body dysmorphia disorder
—> excessive preoccupation with perceived defect or flaw in ones physical appearance that is not
observable to others
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Muscle dysmorphia
particular type of BDD characterized by
| preoccupation with muscularity
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What kind of relationship do body image and exercise have?
bidirectional relationship
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Body image can both ____ and ____ exercise
inhibit and encourage
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exercise participation can ____ body image
improve
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How does body image influence exercise habits: motivation
- body image influences exercisers motivation
- body appearance motives generally do not lead to sustained PA habits; it is a primary reason for starting an exercise (not typically long term)
- long term exercise adherence occurs when body appearance motives shift into intrinsic motives
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How does body image influence exercise habits: exercise setting and appearance
Individuals with poor body image prefer to:
- exercise alone
- exercise further away from instructor
- have others wear conservative exercise attire
- have others place more emphasis on health as opposed to appearance
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How do exercise habits influence body image?
1. increase self-efficacy
—> by helping people feel more confidence at certain exercise task
2. Increased physical self-concept
- --> body image is one component that makes up physical self concept
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How does exercise habits NOT influence body image?
NOT by changes in actual
physical fitness levels
- Only half of published studies show an association between changes in physical fitness and changes in body image
In some studies, participants report significant improvement in body image with no change in physical fitness
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how can we improve body image?
- engage in positive body talk
- focus more on what your body can do rather than how it looks
- accept the idea that health and happy bodies come in all shapes and sizes
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What are the 4 practical recommendations for exercise and body image
1. select activities that the ind. enjoys
2. include promotional materials that show wide range of body shapes, sizes, and physical abilities
3. focus on improving physical function, strength, and endurance rather than changing physical appearance; set realistic and attainable goals
4. emphasize the other benefits of exercise aside from improving appearance (e.g. physical and mental benefits)
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Gammage, Drouin, and Lamarche (2016)
IN 10.2
