Exam 2 Flashcards
(115 cards)
1
Q
Hypocaust
A
“Under burnt”
Romans used masonry to circulate heat
2
Q
Disadvantage of the hypocaust
A
Carbon Monoxide
3
Q
IAQ
A
Indoor Air Quality
4
Q
1 ton of cooling =
A
1 ton of ice
5
Q
Emergence of office typology brought:
A
Indoor air pollution
6
Q
OPR
A
Owner performance requirements
7
Q
Commissioning process
A
Process of assuring that everything meets OPR requirements
8
Q
Thermodynamics
A
Study of the effects of work, heat, and energy on a system
9
Q
E terms for qualifying and quantifying design performance
A
Energy Effectiveness Efficiency Enthalpy Entropy Exergy Conservation
10
Q
Energy
A
Ability to do work
11
Q
Applied psycometrics (heating & cooling)
A
Sensible heating / cooling
Humidifying + heating / cooling
Dehumidifying +heating / cooling
Dehumidying…. humidifying (evaporative cooling)
12
Q
Psychrometry
A
Study of physical and thermal properties of dry air and water vapor mixtures
13
Q
Why we care about psychrometry
A
Mold / condensation / life safety
14
Q
2 methods of dealing with water vapor
A
1 keep humid air away from cool surfaces
2 keep surfaces warm when in contact with humid air
15
Q
HVAC is selected based on:
A
Size of project (small vs specialty)
16
Q
Heat flows from ______ to ______
A
Hot to cold
17
Q
Heat flow in the winter
A
From building to outdoors
18
Q
Thermal materials are classified as ______ or ______
A
Insulators or conductors
19
Q
How many types of insulators are there
A
3
20
Q
_____+_____+_____= a good conductor
A
Density, conductance, specific heat
21
Q
Insulators have ______ r value
A
Higher
22
Q
UV rays
A
Ultraviolet
23
Q
UV have _______
Infrared have ________
A
Short waves
Longwaves
24
Q
______ rays can not penetrate _____
A
Infrared …. glass /atmosphere
25
Greenhouse effect is caused by
Infrared rays not being able to penetrate the atmosphere
26
High heat capacity =
| Low heat capacity =
Hold heat
| Releases heat
27
Heat capacity is based on:
Density and quality
28
Which is denser water or steal
Water
29
Which is denser steal or concrete?
Steal
30
5 types of passive cooling
```
Solar shading
Ventilation
Using a thermal mass or heat sink
Using thermal mass to shed heat
Evaporative cooling
```
31
Best way to combat high temperatures
Air motion/ ventilation
32
Shading is most needed where
Low income areas
33
Shading solutions are most effect where?
Exterior
34
Radiation
Electromagnetic energy that is emitted through space
35
btu/h
British thermal units per hour
36
But/h =
Watts (W)
37
Convection
Between fluid (usually air) and solid
38
Conduction
Molecule to molecule
39
Evaporation
Carries heat away from surfaces
40
A heat gain diagram varies based on
Latitude
41
How many climate types in the US
26
42
Primary factors of thermal comfort
```
Metabolic state
Air temp
Mean radiant temp
Air motion
Humidity
Acclimation
Clothing
```
43
ASHRAE
American society of heating, refrigerating, and AC engineers
44
Human thermal comfort is between
67 and 82 degrees
45
Building should have less than ____% humid for what reason
65%
| Bacterial/microbial reasons
46
Legionaries disease isn’t caused by
Moisture carrying it into the building through contaminated water
47
Downside of better/tighter buildings
Indoor air pollution
48
Ventilation standards in the 1970s were lowered due to
The oil embargo
49
Oil embargo caused ______ in 1984
Sick building syndrome
50
Toxic / off gassing materials
Formaldehyde
Fiber material in ducts
VOCs (volatile organic compounds)
51
Genius loci author
Norberg-Schulz
52
Architecture is the ____ environment
3rd (Messo)
53
Micro > macro > messo is define by
Fitch
54
Azimuth
Horizontal angle from true south
55
Solar noon
Half way between sunrise and sunset
56
Degree day base temperature (varies)
65 degrees
57
Degree day
Compares the mean average outdoor temperatures to a base temperature
58
Heating degree days:
Measures how cool a temperature is
59
More heating degrees days=
Higher heating load
60
Thermal zoning based on
Orientation to the sun and occupancy and program
61
Every zone needs
Supply air
Temperature control
Return air
62
Ways to deliver heat
Air
Water
Electricity
63
Which takes up the most space between air water and electricity
Air
64
Ways of cooling
Water
| Air
65
Types of active climate control systems
All air
All water
Direct expansion
66
Heat pump
Using evaporative cooling to transfer heat to heat sink
67
Which HVAC system uses more duct work? Centralized or decentralized?
Centralized
68
Supply and return in warm climate
Supply high return low
69
Wabi sabi
Japanese technique that embraces markings due to time
70
How maintain IAQ
Pollution control at source
| Isolate IAQ sensitive areas from contamination
71
Door schedules lack
Industry standards
72
4 aspects of door hardware
Hanging
Securing
Controlling
Protecting
73
3 parts of door hardware specification
General admin requirements
Products and how to apply them
Execution/installation
74
First priority of codes
Protect human life
75
Most widely used strategy to protect people
NFPA/life safety 101
76
4 fire design strategies
Building integrity
Containment
Notify
Escape
77
Triangle shirtwaist factory
Proved fire escapes do not work
| Created OSHA
78
OSHA
Occupational safety and health admin
| Oversees work safety
79
4 elements of fire
Fuel
Heat
Oxygen
Reaction chain
80
In terms of fire why is having a high R value good?
Prevents conduction
81
How to avoid radiation worsening a fire
Distancing and placements according to code
82
It’s an architect’s responsibility to protect:
Health
Safety
Welfare
83
How to manage a fire from fueling
Choosing furnishing that resist fire
| And have a good flame spread rating
84
ASTM test
Rates a materials vulnerability to fire
85
Fire load
Potential combustion energy
86
Manage convection
Choose less flammable materials
87
Safest construction type for fire
Fire resistive
88
Least safe type of construction for fire
Wood frame
89
How many types of construction
5
90
What system is used to retain fire
Rated wall assembles
91
Types of sprinkles
Wet pipe
Dry pipe
Preaction system
Deluge system
92
Managing occupants
Preparation
Warning
Evacuation
Protection
93
Deaths in fire are due to
Inadequate exit routes
94
A room of any size should have ___ exits
2
95
The “safe width” of an exit is determined by
number of occupants flowing together
96
Tributary effect
Occupants flowing together
97
Travel distance limit
250 feet
98
Fire stair minimum width
44”
99
Main entrance should allow
Half of the buildings population to exit
100
Human civilization is inseparably linked to
Water
101
GPCD or G/CD
Gallon per capita per day
102
Which uses more water? Agriculture and industry OR personal use
Ag. And industry
103
Best/most natural methods of recharging the aquifer
Wetlands and bioswales
104
What prevents aquifer recharge
Pavement and building
105
Use retention and detention but avoid _____ use if possible
Avoid storm sewer
106
3 types of water distribution systems
Towers
Pumps
Balanced pressure
107
Typical water pressure
55-75 PSI
108
Cons of high water pressure
Frictional losses
Leaks
Stress on fixtures
Noise
109
Cons of low water pressure
Limits building height
110
Removing waste uses
Gravity and drinkable water
111
Plumbing vent can be ____ or ____
Continuous or individual
112
Plumbing riser diagram shows
Spatial organization and pipe size
113
Plumbing limitations ON SITE
Separation requirements
Area requirements
Buffer zones
Limits due to slope
114
Municipal water treatment steps
```
Serpent are solids
Disinfect
Filter
Dry
Burn OR spread
```
115
Do not put down sink
Pharmaceuticals
Drugs
Wipes
Grease/ oil
