Exam 2 Flashcards
(552 cards)
1
Q
Where is the frontal lobe of the brain?
A
Most anterior lobe
extends from the anterior portion to the central sulcus
2
Q
Where is the Median nerve located in the upper limb?
A
Middle of M and runs anterior to the brachial artery
3
Q
What does the primary somatosensory do?
A
Interpret stimuli
Each sensory area has an association area.
4
Q
What does the hypothalamus control?
A
emotions
autonomic functions (body temp, thirst, hunger, sex drive)
hormone production
5
Q
Origin-Great Cardiac Vein
A
Apex of the heart
6
Q
Where is the radial artery located in the upper limb?
A
Posterior to the brachial artery
7
Q
Where does the right coronary artery run?
A
To the right side of the heart
8
Q
Origin-Radial Nerve
A
Posterior cord of the brachial plexus
9
Q
Where do the anterior cardiac veins drain into?
A
the small cardiac vein
10
Q
What are gyri?
A
Folds of cerebrum to increase surface area for processing
11
Q
What does the upper subscapular nerve supply?
A
upper part of the subscapularis
12
Q
Describe the flow of csf in the brain
A
- Lat. Ventricles (both sides)
- Medial through interventricular foramen (both sides)
- 3rd ventricle
- cerebral aquaduct
- 4th ventricle
- lateral (2) and median (1) aperatures
- subarachanoid space
- spinal cord and arachanoid villi
13
Q
What is the other name for right AV valve?
A
Tricuspid Valve
14
Q
What are the four locations of the choroid plexus in the brain?
A
- One on side of the lateral ventricles
- 3rd Ventricle
- 4th Ventricle
15
Q
How is the brachial plexus formed?
A
From the fusion of spinal roots C5-T1
16
Q
Where does the long thoracic nerve sit in the axilla?
A
Deep
17
Q
What are the great vessels?
A
The vessels coming off the most superior portion of the heart
18
Q
Insertion of pectoralis major
A
Lateral lip of intertubcular sulcus
19
Q
Origin- Small Cardiac Vein
A
right margin of the heart
20
Q
What does the Right AV (Tricuspid) Valve open into?
A
The right ventricle
21
Q
How do the cerebral hemispheres work?
A
Receive sensory information and generates motor commands to the opposite sides of the body.
Also generates sensory commands
22
Q
What is the function of the primary somatosenory association area?
A
Interpretation of stimuli
23
Q
Where does the left coronary artery run?
A
To the left side of the heart
24
Q
Where is the temporal lobe of the cerebrum?
A
most anterior part of the inferior half
25
What structure is affected by parkingson's?
the substanchia nigra, Parkingsons can't initiate motor programs
26
Where does the Great Cardiac Vein Run?
Starts at the apex of the heart and takes blood through interventricular surface where it then travels posteriorly to the coronary sinus
27
What blood vessels take blood into the heart?
Superior vena cava
| inferior vena cava and the coronary sinus
28
Name the trunks of the brachial plexus
Upper
middle
lower
29
What are the problems with a slash injury to the axilla?
1. Severing the axillary artery and bleeding out
2. Sever brachial plexus where entire arm is then paralyzed
3. Sever the axilary vein where an air bubble can be sucked in
4. Server the thoracodorsal nerve and long thoracic nerve and serratus anterior is paralyzed
30
In which direction do the association fibers run in the brain?
Front and back
31
What does the radial artery innervate?
Muscles of the posterior arm and forearm and dorsum on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and half of the 4th digit
32
What major nerves are found within the axilla?
```
Brachial Plexus
Median
Ulnar
Long Thoracic
Thoracodorsal
Lower Subscapular
```
33
What comes off of the posterior cord of the brachial plexus?
```
upper subscapular nerve
Thoracodorsal nerve
Lower subscapular nerve
Axillary nerve
radial nerve
```
34
Where does the coronary sinus receive blood from?
Great, middle and small cardiac veins
35
Action of Biceps Brachaii
Strong forearm Flexor and in a pronated state you can supinate the forearm
36
Origin of the medial pectoral nerve
Medial cord of the brachial plexus (C8-T1)
37
Where does the inferior vena cava attach to?
to the right atrium posteriorly
38
What is hydrocephalus?
CSF will not drain and circulation is impaired. Babies bones are not yet fused. Head enlarges
39
Where is the hypo thalamus located?
It is the pointed part of the brainstem
40
What does the axillary nerve innervate?
Deltoid
| Teres minor
41
Where does the median nerve run in relation to the brachial artery and ulnar nerve?
More anterior
42
What secretes the CSF?
Coroid plexus
43
What does the musculocutaneous nerve run?
Most of the elbow flexors (Biceps Brachaii, Brachialis, coracobrachialis
44
Where is the midbrain located
Most superior portion of the brain stem
45
Where is the 4th ventricle located?
Anterior to the pons and cerebellum
46
What does the postcentral gyrus contain?
Contains the primary somatosensory area for skin and muscle
47
Insertion of pectoralis minor
Coracoid process of the scapula
48
What does the median nerve innervate in the hand?
2nd and 3rd digits and half of 4th digit
49
Where does the middle trunk of the bracial plexus come off?
C7
50
Occipital Lobe Function
Visual Cortex
| Conscious perception of visual stimuli
51
What muscles are the anterior forearm flexors?
```
Pronator Teres
Flexor carpi radialis
palmaris longus
flexor digitorum superficialis
flexor pollicis longus
flexor digitorum profundus
```
52
Origin of the pectoralis major
Medial half of the clavicle, sternum and costal cartilages (1-7)
53
Which side of the heart pumps more blood
Neither!
54
Where does the lateral pectoral nerve run?
Across the axillary artery and vein to innervate pectoralis major and sometimes pectoralis minor
55
What does the medial pectoral nerve supply ?
Pectoralis major and minor
56
What lung is bigger?
Right lung-to accomodate heart
57
What does the lower subscapular nerve innervate?
Teres major (inferior to scapula)
58
How are the cords in the brachial plexus named?
According to arterial supply
59
What does the heart lay in?
Mediastinum
60
What is the most anterior great vessel?
Pulmonary trunk
61
Where does the blood have low oxygen in the heart?
Leaving the heart via the pulmonary arteries(in blue)
62
Innervation of Coracobrachialis
Musculocutaneous Nerve
63
What does the ulnar nerve run in the forearm?
Flexor carpi ulnaris
64
What is a nerve compression injury?
Nerve is comprssed and there is a mechanical problem where nerves can't communicate. Example is arm falling asleep
65
What action does pectoralis major perform?
Medially rotates, flexes and adducts shoulder
66
What arteries comes off the left coronary artery?
On the anterior side-the anterior interventricular artery
| 2nd branch -left marginal artery
67
What is the function of projection fibers in the brain?
They send information anteriorly and posteriorly in the white matter
Connect cerebral cortex to diencephlan, brain stem, cerebellum and spinal cord
68
What does the posterior axillary fold contain?
Teres major and latissimus dorsi and subscapularis
69
Parietal Lobe Function
Primary sensory coretx
| Conscious perception of touch, pressure, vibration, pain, temperature and taste
70
What does the hypothalamus coordinate?
nervous and endochrine functions
71
What comes off the medial cord of the brachial plexus?
Medial root of the median nerve
Medial pectoral nerve
Ulnar nerve
(medial antebrachial nerve and medial brachial cutaneous nerves are sensory)
72
What vessel is to the right of the aorta?
Superior vena cava
73
What is the M formed by?
Lateral and medial cords of the brachial plexus
74
Where is the primary somatosensory area?
postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe
75
Where does the blood go from the pulmonary veins?
Into the left atrium of the heart
76
What great vessel is posterior to the pulmonary trunk?
the aorta
77
Origin of Long thoracic nerve
Brachial plexus
78
Where is the ulnar nerve located in the upper limb?
Medial to the median nerve and runs posterior to brachial artery
79
What does the left AV valve(bicuspid, mitral) open into?
left ventricle
80
Action of coracobrachalis
Adducts and Flexes humerus (shoulder)
81
What does the lateral pectoral artery supply blood to?
Serratus Interior and sometimes pectoralis major
82
What are arachanoid villiin the brain?
reabsorb csf and puts back into venous blood supply.
83
What is the function of coronary circulation?
get rid of waste and bring oxygen and nutrients to the heart
84
Where does blood go from the pulmonary semilunar valve?
Pulmonary trunk
85
Insertion of coracobrachialis
Medial side of shaft of humerus
86
What do the R and L coronary arteries feed?
The respective side of the heart
87
What is a motor program?
A storage of muscle actions and when to use certain muscles (muscle patterns)
88
How does the blood brain barrier protect the brain?
Chemical Protection
1. Capillaries have tight junctions
2. Lipid soluable (non polar) stuff can pass
3. CO2 can pass
4. Drugs like caffiene, nicoteine and anesthetics can pass
89
What is the function of the medulla oblongota?
o Relays sensory information to thalamus and to other portions of the brain stem
o Autonomic centers for regulation of visceral function (Cardio, respiratory and GI activity)
90
what does the left coronary artery branch into?
Left marginal artery and posterior left ventricular artery
91
Which side of the heart has a thicker myocardium?
left thus left is stronger
92
Where is the transverse fissure in the brain?
Seperates the cerebellum from the cerebrum
93
Where does the median nerve dive into the forearm?
at the pit of the elbow
94
What is the function of the pons?
* Relays sensory information to the cerebellum and thalmus
* Subconscious somatic and visceral motor centers
* Helps to regulate respiration (back seat driver), modifies it
* To help coordinate involuntary skeletal muscle movements and tone
95
What are the 3 cords of the brachial plexus?
Lateral
Medial
Posterior
96
What does the lateral pectoral nerve supply?
Pectoralis Major
97
Where does the upper trunk of the brachial plexus come off?
C5-C6
98
Describe Huntingtons Disease and What it affects
```
o Begins in Basal Nucleui
o Manifests by 40 years
o Autosomal dominant (1 parent 50/50 chance) of getting it
o 20 years to kill
o Initial signs-dropping things
o Miss grabbing things
o Continual degeneration
o Later-everything is moving
o Moves to whole brain-loses motor functions to swallow or breathe
```
99
Where does the ulnar nerve sit in the arm?
between the medial epicondyle and olecranon process
100
What sits in the posterior interventricular sulcus?
The middle cardiac vein and the posterior interventricular artery
101
Where does the aortic semilunar valve open into?
Aorta
102
Where does the medial pectoral nerve run and what does it innervate?
It travels between the axillary artery and vein to innervate the Pectoralis Minor and Sternal area of pectoralis major
103
What are the five major brachial plexus nerves?
```
Musculocutaneous
Median
Ulnar
Axillary
Radial
```
104
What is shoulder dystocia?
Stretching the brachial plexus
Infants- shoulder trapped behind pubic bone
Adults-Falling off a horse
105
Where does the long thoracic nerve run?
Posterior to the brachial plexus to innervate the serratus anterior
106
Origin of Lateral pectoral nerve
Lateral cord of the brachial plexus
107
Where are the lateral ventricles located?
One in each cerebral hemisphere
108
What comes off the lateral cord of the brachial plexus?
Lateral pectoral nerve
musculocutaneous nerve
lateral root of the median nerve
109
What are the first branches to come off the aorta in the heart?
The coronary arteries
110
Where does blood go from the left ventricle?
aortic semilunar valve
111
What are the problems with a slash injury to the axilla?
1. Severing the axillary artery and bleeding out
2. Sever brachial plexus where entire arm is then paralyzed
3. Sever the axillary vein where an air bubble can be sucked in
4. Server the thoracodorsal nerve and long thoracic nerve and serratus anterior is paralyzed
112
Innervation of the Brachialis
Musculocutaneous Nerve
113
What does the profundus brachii artery come off of?
Brachial Artery
114
What does the anterior axillary fold contain?
Pectoralis major
Part of pectoralis minor
Clavipectoral fashia
115
Where does the thoracoacromial artery branch off the axillary artery in the axillary region?
The first part of axillary artery artery between the lateral border of 1st rib and medial border of pectoralis minor.
116
What does the great Cardiac Vein supply blood to?
coronary sinus
117
List four ways the brain is protected
1. Fused Bones of the skull
2. Cranial meniges
3. CSF
4. Blood Brain Barrier
118
What is the precentral Gyrus?
Receives input from the premotor area and the upper motor neurons live there
119
Orientation of the Brachialis Muscle
More lateral
120
What does the blood exit the right atrium into and through?
Tricuspid or Right AV valve
121
What is another name for the left AV valve?
Bicuspid or mitral
122
Name the Three parts of the basal nucleui
o Caudate Nucleus (medial)
o Putamen (more lateral)
o Globus Pallidus (more inferior)
123
Where is the thalamus located?
Lateral to the 3rd ventricle
124
Where is the occipital lobe of the cerebrum?
The most posterior lobe
125
Which great vessel do you not see on the superior portion of the heart?
inferior vena cava
126
Where is the brachial plexus located in the upper limb?
Lateral to the brachial artery and lateral to median nerve
127
What does the lower subscapular nerve innervates?
teres major
| lower part of the subscapularis
128
What does the thoracodorsal nerve innervate?
latissimus dorsi
129
Describe the blood flow from the lungs to the heart
1. Blood enters a pair of pulmonary veins from each lung(4)
2. left atrium
3. Left AV valve (Bicuspid or mitral)
4. Left ventricle
5. Aortic semilunar valve
6. Aorta
7.
130
What does the anterior cardiac vein supply blood to?
The small cardiac vein
131
What does the right coronary artery branch into?
right marginal artery and posterior interventricular artery
132
Describe the pathway of the blood through the heart
Sup. and Inf Vena Cava and coronary Sinus
2. Right Atrium
3. Right AV (Tricuspid) Valve
4. Right Ventricle
5. pulmonary semilunar valve
6. Pulmonary Trunk
7. Right and LEft Pulmonary Arteries
133
Where does the post circumflex anterior and posterior artery branch off the axillary artery?
between the lateral border of pectoralis minor to inferior border of teres major.
134
Describe the blood flow from the lungs to the heart
1. Blood enters a pair of pulmonary veins from each lung(4)
2. left atrium
3. Left AV valve (Bicuspid or mitral)
4. Left ventricle
5. Aortic semilunar valve
6. Aorta
7. Rest of body
135
Where is Brocas Area located?
Inferior anterior area of the premotor area
136
What is located within the basal nuclei?
Nerve cell bodies
137
What is the function of the corpora quadrigegemina?
* Must have four to qualify
| * Startle reflexes
138
What is the great cardiac artery paired with
anterior interventricular artery
139
Where is the thoracodorsal nerve in the axilla?
Lateral to the long thoracic in the deep axilla
140
Describe the pathway of the blood through the heart
Sup. and Inf Vena Cava and coronary Sinus
2. Right Atrium
3. Right AV (Tricuspid) Valve
4. Right Ventricle
5. pulmonary semilunar valve
141
Where is the pons?
First part of the brainstem
142
Where does the musculocutateous nerve run?
Between the biceps brachaii and brachialis muscles
143
What are the branches of the thoraactomial artery?
Acromial (comes off deltoid branch), clavicular, deltoid and pectoral branch
144
What is the function of the premotor are in the brain?
Planning motor movements (complex muscle actions)
| Motor programs storage area (muscle memory)
145
What is the function of the primary motor cortex?
Area that moves skeletal muscle
146
Insertion of the Brachialis
Tuberosity of the Ulna
147
Where does the median nerve run in the axillary region?
Between the border of the biceps and brachialis
148
What is the function of the commissures of the brain?
They run left to right and transport information between white matter of the hemispheres
Interconnect lobes of different hemispheres
149
Origin of the Biceps Bracii
Radial Tuberosity
150
Origin of the brachialis
Anterior aspect of the humerus
151
What do the association areas do?
Interpretation and where you learn
152
Where is the parietal lobe of the cerebrum?
Posterior to frontal lobe and superior to the temporal lobe (its the middle one)
153
Function of the frontal lobe
Primary motor cortex
| conscious control of skeletal muscles
154
Where is the Primary Motor Cortex?
Located in the precentral gyrus
155
What arteries are found within the axilla?
Axillary
Subclavian
Subscapular (Deep)
156
What is the function of the superior colliculi?
Visual startle reflex
157
What part of the brain is affected when you get heatstroke?
Hypothalamus-you don't want to drink cause you don't feel thirsty in the later stages
158
What are the branches of the thoraactomial artery?
Acromial (comes off deltoid branch), clavicular(Main branch), deltoid and pectoral branch
159
What does the lower subscapular nerve innervate?
teres major
| lower part of the subscapularis
160
Location of the axillary nerve in the upper arm
Runs deep and lateral to the brachial artery
161
What veins are found within the axilla?
Axillary vein
162
Where does blood go from the right ventricle?
pulmonary semilunar valve
163
What is a fissure in the brain?
Deep groove
164
Where is the central sulcus of the brain?
It seperates the frontal and pareital lobes
Starts at the longitudinal fissure down to the temporal lobe.
It usually starts posterior and moves anterior
The left and right sides may be different
Straightest line possible
165
What runs through the dectopectoral groove?
The cephalic vein
166
What is the function of the subclavis muscle>
Depresses clavicle ans stabilizes the sternocovicular joint
167
Where is the pons located?
• Located in the brainstem (Belly of the seahorse)
168
What does the cerebellum coordinate?
Coordinates complex somatic motor patterns
169
What is the Substanchia Nigra?
Basal ganglia structure in the midbrain that is associated with the basal nuclei
170
What i is the role of the white matter in the brain?
Transport of information
171
What is the function of the diencephalon?
* Connects cerebrum to brain stem both structurally and functionally
* Connect higher (brainstem) brain centers to lower brain centers
* Almost all subconscious activity
172
What supplies blood to the deep axilla?
Subscapular artery which provides blood supply to many muscles.
173
Describe the pathway of the blood through the heart
Sup. and Inf Vena Cava and coronary Sinus
2. Right Atrium
3. Right AV (Tricuspid) Valve
4. Right Ventricle
5. pulmonary semilunar valve
6. Pulmonary Trunk
7. Right and Left Pulmonary Arteries
8. Lungs
174
What does the thoracodorsal nerve innervate?
Lattisimus dorsi
175
What does the vermis do?
o Connects two hemoispheres of the cerebellum
176
Origin-Median nerve
Comes off from the union of medial and lateral cords of the brachial plexus
177
What are sulci?
Shallow grooves in the brain
178
What does the pulmonary trunk split into?
Right and Left pulmonary arteries
179
Where does the subclavian artery and vein change names are what are they?
Axilally (pass clavicle)
180
Overall Function of the cerebrum
Conscious thought processes and intellectual functions
Memory storage and processing
Conscious and subconscious regulation of muscle contractions
181
If you look up whether left or right what cranial nerve do you use?
III-Oculomotor
182
What is the function of the basal nuclei in the brain?
Controls starting, stopping and intensity of motor movements
| Inhibits antagonistic muscles during movement
183
What is the Corpus Callosum?
The largest commissure of the brain
184
Temporal Lobe Function
Auditory and olfactory cortex
| Conscious perception of olfactory and auditory stimuli
185
What is the origin of the right and left coronary arteries?
ascending aorta
186
Explain how you differentiate between the anterior and posterior sides of the heart.
The posterior side has more openings (pulmonary veins)
| Anterior side you can see the auricles better
187
Where is the Deltopectoral groove?
Between the Deltoid (superior) and pectoralis major muscles
188
What makes up the diencephalon?
Hypothalamus and thalamus
189
What blood vessels take blood into the heart?
Superior vena cava
| inferior vena cava and the coronary sinus into the right artrium
190
Origin-Axillary nerve
Posterior cord of the brachial plexus
191
What does the lateral sulcus seperate?
temporal and frontal lobes
192
What arteries comes off the left coronary artery?
On the anterior side-the anterior interventricular artery
| 2nd branch -left marginal artery
193
Where does the subclavian artery and vein change names are what are they?
Axilally (pass clavicle)
| Brachial (past lateral border of scapula)
194
Innervation of pectoralis minor
Medial pectoral nerve
195
Where is the Jugular Fossa?
Between the sternoclediomastoid muscles
196
Where do the pulmonary arteries go?
To each lung
197
What is the function of Brocas area?
Planning Area for speech (usually only on left side)
| Part of a motor program (speech takes lots of coordination of muscles)
198
What is the function of the Thalamus?
• Relay and processing centers for sensory information
199
Where is the lower subscapular nerve in the axilla?
Lateral to the thoracodorsal nerve in the deep axilla
200
What does the middle cardiac vein run next to?
posterior interventricular artery
201
Where is the posterior interventricular artery?
Within the posterior interventricular sulcus
202
when can you see the thymus?
Only in younger people
203
Origin of the posterior interventricular artery
right coronary artery
204
Where does the ulnar nerve run in relation to the median nerve?
Runs slightly posterior to it and runs with it.
205
How many pulmonary veins are there?
4 (2 from each lung)
206
What is the function of the inferior colliculi?
Auditory startle reflex
207
What does the coronary sinus drain into?
The right atrium
208
What nerves are parasympathetic?
4,
209
Where is the longitudal fissure?
It splits down the middle and seperates right and left hemispheres
210
What are the three functions of the CSF?
1. Mechanical Protection (Shock absorption)
2. Provides Nutrients (Metabolically active brain)
3. Gets rid of waste products (pH and CO2)
211
Action of pectoralis Minor
Anteriorly tilts and depresses scapula
212
Where do the left and right marginal arteries run?
On the border of the heart
213
Origin of the pectoralis minor
Ribs 3-5
214
What does the long thoracic nerve innervate?
serratus interior
215
Origin of Long Thoracic Nerve
Brachal Plexus (C5-C7)
216
Where is the 3rd ventricle located?
Midline within the diencephalon medial to the thalamus
217
Origin of coracobrachialis
Coracoid process of the scapula
218
Orgin-Ulnar nerve
Medial cord of the brachial plexus
219
What nerve innervates Biceps Brachii?
Musculocutaneous
220
Medulla oblongota-Location
o Physically connects brain with spinal cord
| o Most inferior portion of brainstem
221
What is the function of the midbrain?
* Processing of visual and auditory data
* Generation of reflexive somatic motor responses
* Maintenance of consciousness
222
What does the median nerve innervate in the arm?
runs anterior forearm flexors
223
What does the musculocutaneous nerve control?
Biceps Brachii, Coracobrachialis, and brachiliais
224
Innervation of the pectoralis major
Medial and Lateral pectoral nerves
225
Where do the pulmonary veins come in and then connect?
Come in posteriorly and then connect to the left side of the heart
226
Where does the ulnar nerve run in relation to the brachial artery?
posterior
227
What do the cardiac veins do?
Take lower oxygenated blood away from the heart muscle and giving it back to the general circulation
228
Origin -musculocutaneous nerve
Lateral cord of the brachial plexus
229
What is the function of the association fibers in the brain?
Facilitate communication between the anterior and posterior brain
interconnect cortical areas within the same hemisphere
230
Where is the cerebellum located?
o Posteriorly and inferiorly to cerebrum
| o Bi-lobed
231
What does the blood from the left atrium go through?
Left AV valve (Bicuspid)
232
What does the basal nuclei communicate with?
Premotor and motor cortex
233
When numbering cranial nerves, what direction are they numbered?
anterior to posterior
234
Cranial Nerve I is....
Olfactory
235
What cranial nerves are the special sensory nerves?
I (Olfactory), II (Optic), VIII (Vestibulocochlear)
236
What cranial nerves have both sensory and mixed function?
V (Trigeminal), (VII)Facial, IX (Glossopharengeal), and X (Vagus)
237
Which cranial nerves are motor nerves?
III (Oculomotor), IV (Trochlear), VI (Abducens), XI (Accessory), XII (hypoglossal)
238
Function of the Olfactory nerve (I)
Smell
239
Origin of the olfactory nerve (I)
Receptors of the olfactory epithelium (smells are created with chemoreceptors). There is an association area in the brain
240
What does the olfactory nerve pass through?
Cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone
241
Destination of the olfactory nerve (I)
Olfactory bulbs
242
How do you test the olfactory nerve for function?
Occlude each nostril and ask the patient to identify odors
243
What is Cranial nerve II?
Optic nerve
244
What is the function of cranial nerve II (Optic)?
Vision
245
Origin of CN II (Optic nerve)
Retina
246
What does the Optic Nerve (II) pass through
optic canal of sphenoid
247
What is the destination of the optic nerve?
Through the optic chiasm to diencephalon
248
What is CN III?
Oculomotor
249
What is the function of CN III (Oculomotor)
Runs 4 of the 6 extraocular muscles
250
What is the origin of CN III (Oculomotor)?
Mesencephalon
251
What does CN III (Oculomotor) pass through?
Superior orbital fissure of the sphenoid bone
252
Where does CN III (Oculomotor) run to?
Intrinsic eye muscles
253
How would you test CN II Optic nerve?
Test for visual acuity using the snellan chart (both distance and near)
Also color perception and pupillary response
254
How would you test cranial nerve III (optic), IV (Trochlear), VI(Abducens)
Ask patient to follow a moving target to all 4 quadrants. Check pupillary response for briskness and symmetry and size in a dimly lit room. Check for drooping eyelids
255
If you ask a patient to look straight ahead, what cranial nerve and what muscle are you testing?
```
CN III (Oculomotor)
Superior Rectus Muscle which elevates the eye to look straight
```
256
If you ask a patient to cross their eyes (Abduction) and keep the eye straight, what muscle and what cranial nerve are you testing?
Medial Rectus Muscle and CN III
257
If you ask a patient to look left and right (Right Abduction and left adduction and left a and right abduction and right adduction)t and you are looking at the most lateral eye, what muscle and CN are you testing?
The lateral rectus muscle and CN VI (Abducens)
258
If you ask a patient to look up and to the left (Elevation), and are looking at the right eye (adduction), what muscle and what cranial nerve are you testing?
The superior Rectus Muscle-CN III
259
If you ask a patient to look up and to the right(Elevation), and are looking at the left eye (adduction), what muscle and what cranial nerve are you testing?
Superior Rectus Muscle and CN III
260
If you ask a patient to look up and to the right(Elevation), and are looking at the abducted eye right eye, what muscle and what cranial nerve are you testing?
inferior oblique muscle and CN III (Oculomotor)
261
If you ask a patient to look up and to the left(Elevation), and are looking at the abducted left eye, what muscle and what cranial nerve are you testing?
inferior oblique muscle and CN III (Oculomotor)
262
If you ask someone to cross their eyes and look up, what cranial nerve and muscle are you testing?
Adduction of the eye using the superior rectus muscle and CN III
263
What can you ask someone to do to test CN III (Oculomotor)?
Elevate to the right and left and straight
Adduct the eye
Depress the eye while Adducting
Depress the eye
264
What extraocular movements test the Trochlear nerve (CN IV)
Depressing the Eye and Depressing while adducting the eye (superior oblique muscle)
265
What extraocular movements test the abducens (CN VI)?
Looking right and left while abducting
266
CN IV
Trochlear
267
What is the primary function of the trochlear nerve (CN IV)?
Eye Movements-Motor nerve
268
What does the CN IV (Trochlear) nerve pass through?
Superior Orbital Fissure of Sphenoid Bone
269
What muscle does the Trochlear (CN IV) Nerve Run
Superior Oblique muscle of the eye
270
Origin of the Troclear Nerve (CN IV)
Troclear nucleus of the midbrain
271
What nerve is the Trigeminal Nerve?
CN V
272
Name the three branches of the Trigeminal nerve
Opthalmic branch
Maxillary branch
Mandibular branch
273
What is the trigeminal nerves sensory function?
Anterior face
274
What Cranial nerve operates the chewing muscles?
CN V -Trigeminal
275
What action do the pterygoid muscles perform?
Moving the jaw side to side
276
What are the chewing muscles?
masseter and pterygoids
277
Where does the opthalmic branch of the trigemial nerve run?
To the top of the optic nerve and innervates the front of the face. (Forehead, lacrimal glands,upper eyelids, ciliary bodies and sides of nose)
278
Where does the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve run?
Maxillary bone (Sensory information from mucosa of nose, palate, pharynx, upper teeth, upper lip and lower eyelids)
279
Where does the Mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve run?
Mandible
280
What does the opthalamic branch of the trigeminal nerve go through?
Superior orbital fissure of the sphenoid bone
281
Origin of the Trigeminal Nerve
Nuclei in the pons
282
What does the maxillary branches of the Trigeminal nerve pass through?
Foremina rotunda of the sphenoid bone
283
What do the mandibular branches of CN V (Trigeminal) ne go through to exit the brain?
Foramen Ovale of the sphenoid bone
284
What is the sensory function of the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve?
Anterior portion of the tongue (touch, temp and pressure) NOT TASTE
285
Cranial Nerve VI
Abducent
286
What cranial nerve controls the Lateral Rectus muscle?
CN VI (Abducent)
287
What does the abducent nerve pass through?
Superior orbital fissure of sphenoid bone
288
CN VII
Facial Nerve
289
What type of nerve is CN VII
A Mixed Nerve
290
What is the sensory function of the facial nerve?
Anterior 2/3 of the tongue (taste not motor)
291
What is the motor function of the facial nerve?
Salivary Glands (submandibular and sublingual under the tongue), Tear Ducts (moves tear medially in the eye to the lacrimal canal to come out nose), Facial expression
292
What does the facial nerve pass through?
Internal acoustic meatus of the temporal bone
293
Where does the facial nerve run?
Along the facial canal to reach the stylomastoid foramen
| if you palpate anterior and up it will hurt.
294
How would you test the function of the facial nerve?
Unequal facial expressions, test each side of the tongue with different tastes.
295
Which Cranial nerve is Vestibulocochlear?
VIII (8)
296
What is the primary function of the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)
Vestibular branch-Balance and equlibrium
| Cochlear branch = hearing
297
What is the Origin of CN VIII (Vestibulocochlear)
Receptors of the inner ear (vestibule and cochlea)
298
CN IX
Glossopharangeal
299
What is the sensory function of the glossopharengeal nerve?
Taste (posterior 1/3) and drooling
300
Which cranial nerve displaces the pharynx and moves glottis to swallow?
IX -Glossopharengeal
301
What is the visceral motor function of the glossopharengeal nerve (CN IX)?
Parotid Salivary Gland (Anterior to ear and largest pair)
302
CN X
Vagus
303
What is the most important cranial nerve?
Vagus
304
Destination on the Glossopharegeal Nerve (CN IX)
Tongue (posterior 1/3), Pharengeal muscles, parotid salivary
305
How many branches doe the vagus nerve have?
Three
306
What is the motor function of the vagus nerve?
parasympathetic(HR, breathing, sweating, some swallowing
307
What is the sensory function of the vagus nerve?
Stomache, ta
308
Origin of the Vagus nerve
Medulla Oblongota
309
Where does the vagus nerve exit the skull?
Jugular foramen
310
Where do the sensory fibers of the vagus nerve go to?
Sensory nucleui and autonomic centers of the medulla
311
Where do the Somatic Motor fibers of the Vagus nerve go to?
Muscles of the palatte and pharynx
312
Where do the visceral motor of the vagus nerve go to?
Cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities
313
CN XI
Accessory
314
What does the external branch of CN XI (11) Control?
Sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
315
Where does the Accessory nerve enter the skull?
Foramen magnum
316
Where does the accesory nerve exit the skull?
Jugular foramen
317
How would you test CN XI (Acessory)
Shrug shoulders and press down or to test sternocledi mastoid- Turn head and press on jaw.
318
CN XII
Hypoglossal
319
What is the function of the Hypoglossal nerve?
Moving the tongue to manipulate food
320
How Could you test the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
Muscle atrophy of the tongue, movement of the tongue
321
What three brain arteries arise from the internal carotid arteries?
1. Anterior cerebral
2. Anterior Communicating
3. Middle Cerebral
322
What three brain arteries arise from the vertebral arteries?
1. Basilar
2. Posterior cerebral
3. Posterior communicating
323
What does the common carotid artery come off of?
Aortic Arch
324
What does the common carotid artery split into?
Internal and External Carotid
325
What does the external carotid artery supply blood to?
Facial Muscles of the Skin
326
Where does the internal carotid artery run?
Stays deep and runs to the circle of willis
327
Origin of the Vertebral Arteries
Subclavian
328
Describe the pathway of the vertebral arteries
1. Come off the subclavian arteries
2. Ascend through the foramen in the transverse processes C1-C6.
3. Enter skull through foramen magnum
4. unite to form basilar at the lower border of pons
5. Basilar divides into rt and left posterior cerebral arteries
6. Connected to the middle cerebral arteries by posterior communicating arteries.
329
Describe the pathway of the Internal carotid arterys
1. Common carotid at upper border of thyroid cartilage
2. carotid canal in petrous portion of temporal bone( anterior to transverse processes of C1-C3)
3. Branch into opthalmic and anterior choroidal
4. Terminate in middle cerebral and anterior cerebral segments
330
Define an aneurysm
A weakened arterial wall that can balloon out
331
Where is the hyoid bone?
Anterior side of the neck and makes up superior border of the larynx
332
Function of the hyoid bone
Anchor for superior portion of the larynx
333
What bone is fractured during strangulation?
Hyoid
334
Borders of the anterior triangle (Carotid Triangle) of the neck
Anterior-Sternohyoid
Superior-Mandible
Posterior-Sternocleidomastoid
335
Borders of the Posterior Triangle (Occipital) of the Neck
Anterior-Sternocleidomastoid
Posterior-Trapezius
Inferior-Clavicle
336
Superior attachment of the platysma
inferior border of the mandible
337
Inferior attachment of the platysma
Superior part of the pectoralis major
338
What nerve innervates the platysma?
Facial nerve (VII)
339
Action of the platysma
Tenses skin of neck
| Assists depression of mandible or opening the mouth
340
Superior attachment of the sternocleidomastoid muscle
Mastoid process of the skull
341
Inferior attachment of the Sternocleidomastoid muscle
Sternal head- anterior surface of the manubrium of sternum
| Clavicular head: Superior surface of the medial 3rd of the clavicle
342
What nerve innervates the Sternoclediomastoid muscle?
Accessory nerve (XI)
343
Action of the sternocleidomastoid
Deep respiration
Right turns head left and left turns head right
Flexion of neck in supine positon
Extend atlantooccipital joint
344
What is the clinical relevance of the cricothyroid ligament?
You would make a verticle incison in the skin and then a horizontal incison in the membrane Divit between cricoid cartilage and
345
What is found in the larynx
Vocal cords, epiglottis, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage,
346
Why is the adams apples (Thyroid cartilage) larger in males?
Size is affected by testosterone during puberty
| There is change to the motor program as well causing voice cracking
347
What is the epiglottis?
A fold of cartilage that can save your life when you swallow covering the trachea
348
What nerve innervates the mylohyoid muscle?
Nerve to mylohyoid which is a branch of the inferior alveolar nerve coming off the 3rd branch of the trigeminal nerve.
349
What nerve innervates the Geniohyoid muscle?
C1 via hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
350
What nerve innervates the anterior belly of the digastric muscle?
Nerve to mylohyoid (Branch of alveolar nerve)
351
What nerve innervates the posterior belly of the digastric muscle?
Digastric branch of the facial nerve (CN VII)
352
What nerve innervates the stylohyoid muscle
Stylohyoid branch of the facial nerve
353
What is the function of the mylohyoid, geniohyoid, and stylohyoid muscles?
elevate hyoid to swallow and fold over the epiglottis
354
Action of the Digastric muscle
Depresses the hyoid
355
Where are the infrahyoid muscles located?
Below the hyoid bone
356
Origin of the sternohyoid
Manubrium of the sterum and medial end of the clavicle
357
Insertion of the sternohyoid
Body of the hyoid bone
358
What nerve innervates the sternohyoid muscle?
C1-C3 by a branch of the ansa cervicalis
359
Action of the sternohyoid muscle
Depresses hyoid after elevation during swallowing
360
Origin (Superior) Attachment of the Omohyoid Muscle
Superior border of scapula near suprascapular notch
361
Insertion (Lateral) attachment of omohyoid muscle
inferior border of hyoid
362
What nerve innervates Omohyoid muscle?
C1-C3 by a branch of the ansa cervicalis
363
Origin (Superior) Attachment of the Sternothyroid muscle
Posterior surface of the manubrium of the sternum
364
Insertion of Sternothyroid muscle
Oblique line of thyroid cartilage
365
What nerve innervate sternothyroid muscle?
C2-C3 by a branch of the ansa cervicalis
366
What action does the Omohyoid muscle do?
Depresses retracts and steadies hyoid
367
What action does the sternothyroid muscle perform?
Depresses hyoid and Larynx
368
Where is the thyrohyoid muscle located?
Deep to the sternohyoid
369
Insertion of thyrohyoid muscle
Inferior border of body and greater horn of the hyoid bone
370
Origin of the Thyrohyoid
Oblique line of the thyroid cartilage (Inferior border)
371
What nerve innervates the thyrohyoid muscle?
C1 via hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
372
What action does the thryohyoid muscle perform?
Depresses hyiod and elevates larynx
373
Origin of the anterior and middle scalene muscles
Cervical transverse processes
374
Insertion of the Anterior and middle scalene muscles
1st and 2nd ribs
375
Action of the anterior and middle scalene muscles
Elevates 1st and 2nd ribs
| Lateral neck flexion
376
Orientation of the internal jugular vein
Larger
Runs within the carotid sheath
Deep to sernoclediomastoid
377
Where is the external jugular vein located?
More superficially
| External to the sternocleidomastoid muscle
378
What does the external jugular vein branch into?
Supply the superficial areas on the head
379
Where does the external jugular vein drain blood to?
into the subclavian veins
380
Where is the spinal accessory nerve located?
Immediatly posterior to the sternocleidomastoid
381
Where is the great auricular nerve located?
Comes up next to the external jugular and goes straight to the ear
382
What does the great auricular nerve do?
Provides sensation to the ears
383
Where are the transverse cervical nerves?
Deep to the external jugular but superficial to sternoclediomastoid muscle
Branch off the facial nerve
384
What do the transverse cervical nerves innervate?
operates the superficial neck muscles
385
What lies within the carotid sheath?
Internal jugular, common carotid, vagus and phrenic nerves
386
Which side does the brachiocephalic artery come off the aortic arch?
Right
387
what does the brachiocephalic trunk divide into?
Right subclavian and right common carotid
388
On the right side what is the first branch of the subclavian artery?
Vertebral Artery
389
On the left side, what comes off the aortic arch?
Left common carotid and Left subclavian arteries
390
Explain arterial circulation in the neck
1. Left Ventricle
| 2. Ascending Aorta
391
what do the vertebral arteries branch off of?
Subclavian
392
what does the external carotid feed blood to?
To the face
393
What are the branches of the thryocervical trunks?
Suprascapular
Ascending
Inferior Thyroid
Transverse Cervical
394
What does the right vagus nerve innervate?
The larynx
395
Where does the vagus nerve run?
The right vagus nerve hooks underneath subclavian artery
396
Where is the spinal accessory nerve?
Posterior to the trapezius
397
What are the thoracic cavity bones designed to do?
Protect the mediastinum and pleural cavities
398
What is the tradeoff to the protective design of the osteology of the thorax?
Limited movement
399
How do you distingush between a true and false rib?
False ribs do not have a direct connection
400
How many pairs of true ribs are there?
7
401
How many pairs of false ribs are there?
5
402
What are floating ribs and how many are there?
Two and they lack costal cartilages
403
Which costal cartilages fuse?
8,9,10 and they connect with costal cartilage 7
404
How do ribs articulate with thoracic vertebrae?
Via costovertebral joints
405
Where does the thoracic vertebrae articulate with the rib?
Rib facet-Body
Tubercle of rib - transverse process
Head of rib-body of vertebrae
406
What happens when the costovertebral joints become arthritic?
Can't inhale as deep as normal
407
Orientation of the external intercostal muscles
They start medial and move lateral (fibers)
408
Origin of the external intercostal muscles
Inferior border of the rib above
409
What is the most anterior great vessel of the heart?
pulmonary trunk
410
What is to the right of the aorta?
Superior vena cava
411
Where do the pulmonary veins of the heart come in?
Posteriorly but connect to left side of the heart
412
Where does the inferior vena cava attach to?
Right atrium inferiorly
413
Where do the pulmonary veins come from?
1 pair from the left lung and one pair from the right lung
414
How does the left ventricle differ from the right?
Thinner myocardium
415
What do the papillary muscles connect to in the heart?
Chordae Tendinea
416
What do the Chordae tendinae in the heart connect to?
The cusps of the AV valves
417
What is the function of chordae tendinae and papillary muscles?
To prevent valve prolapse. Papillary muscles contract when valves shut and chordae acts as a rope
418
Which valves have chordae tendinae?
AV valves
419
What are the beats of the heart?
Shutting of the valves
420
What is valve prolapse?
When a valve gets blown backwards and then blood can leak backwards and you would have to repump it
421
What way to AV valves open?
Atria to ventricle
422
What way do semilunar valves open?
Ventricle to vessel
423
When do the papillary muscles contract?
When ventricle muscles contract
424
What are trabeculae Carnea?
Wrinkled pattern on the wall if ventricle
425
What is the Septomarginal trabecula or moderator?
Connects wall of ventricles of the heart (interventricular septum) with the lateral wall of the right atrium
426
what is the function of the septomarginal trabecula or moderator?
part of the conduction system of the heart, send signals quickly to right side of heart so contracts works as 1 muscle
427
How many muscles does the heart have?
36
428
What side does the septomarginal trabecula occur at?
right
429
Can you function without auricles?
yes
430
Ductus arteriorsus
Ligamentum arteriosum
431
Oval Foreman
Oval Fossa
432
Ductus Venosus
Ligamentum venosum
433
Umbilical Vein
Round ligament of the liver (ligamentum teres)
434
Umbilical artery
medial umbilical ligament
435
What does the ductus arteriosus connect?
pulmonary trunk to aorta, you can bypass the lungs in utero-you get all your oxygen from mom
436
What is another word for open ductus arteriosus
Patent ductus
437
What is the foramen ovale?
A hole between the walls of the atria that can bypass lungs
438
What is the umbilical vein?
Originates in the placenta and allows exchange between mom's blood and fetuses via diffusion
439
What is the umbilical artery?
How we get rid of our lower oxygenated blood
440
Explain the path of fetal heart circulation from placenta to the heart
```
Oxygenated blood
1. placenta
2. umbilical vein
3. branches into inferior vena cava and
hepatic portal vein
4. From hepatic portal vein to liver back to inferior vena cava
5. inferior vena cava to right atrium
```
441
Does the umbilical vein have oxygen?
Yes (red on diagram)
442
What is the advantage to taking blood to the liver in fetal circulation via the hepatic portal vein?
Process some of fetal foodstuff
early start on metalbolism
filters blood
443
Path of fetal circulation in the heart coming from inferior vena cava
1. Inferior Vena Cava to right atrium
2. Some blood from the right atrium goes through the foramen ovale to the left atrium to bypass the lungs and some goes out the pulmonary trunk
444
Pathway of fetal blood from the superior vena cava
1. superior vena cava
2. right atrium
3. Some blood through foramen ovale to left atrium and some out pulmonary trunk
445
Pathway of fetal blood from the left atrium out the pulmonary trunk
1. Left atrium to pulmonary trunk
2. Pulmonary arteries to lungs
3. Pulmonary artery to aorta (Another bypass of lungs)
446
What are the lung bypasses in fetal circulation?
Foramen ovale and pulmonary trunk into aorta
447
Is there still oxygen in venous blood?
yes
448
Why do you do compressions for CPR?
keep blood moving so brain gets oxygen and there is still oxygen left
449
Pathway of fetal blood from aorta
1. Mixed blood goes from aorta to umbilical arteries back to placenta to remove waste and pick up oxygen and then back to umbilical vein. (There is still blood going to body)
450
What happens when the umbilical cord is severed at birth?
Umbilical vein becomes round ligament of liver
451
What happens when the umbilical cord is severed at birth?
1. Umbilical vein becomes round ligament of liver
2. internal illiac veins shrink
3. Ductus arteriorsus become ligamentum arteriosum
452
What are the 4 problems of Tetralogy of fallot?
1. Right ventricle hypertrophy-no room for blood
2. Ventricular septal defect-Blood would be mixed (low oxygen and high oxygen blood)
3. pulmonary valve stenosis (Thicker wall and it is hard to get blood out- overworking ventricle and its getting thicker)
4. narrowed pulmonary trunk (will need more pressure)
* Requires surgical intervention
453
What is main theme in congenital heart defects?
Blood leaving the aorta is not fully oxygenated (can affect many thing)
454
What is a patent ovale foramen?
open ovale foramen
455
What is a ventricular septal defect?
A hole in the septum (Hole in the heart)
456
Does location really matter when there is a hole in the heart?
no its the size that is important
457
Ventricular hypertrophy
Ventricle is getting too large -not as much blood to pump.
| Stenosis is present
458
Why would you want to correct a defect in utero?
Once born they can die, they also heal really quick
459
What is lymph?
when intersticial fluid enters lymph vessels
460
what is intersticial derived from?
capillaries
461
What does the thoracic duct do?
collects lymph from most of the body except right side above waist
462
what does the right lymphatic duct collect lymph from?
right side
1/2 of head,
shoulder,,
waist and right arm
463
Where is the thoracic duct?
- Inbetween the hemiazygous and azygous vein
- Retract esophagus to see a line to the left of the azygous vein
- Hooks behind
464
What is the cistern chyle?
Collecting vessel from lower body (rt lumbar trunk, intestinal trunk, left lumber trunk
465
What does the thoracic duct collect lymph from?
Left jugular trunk
left subclavian trunk
Thoracic duct entering left subclavian vein
Left bronchomediastinal trunk
466
What is the right lymphatic duct formed from?
Right jugular vein
Right subclavian trunk
right lympatic duct entering right subclavian vein
right bronchomediastinal trunk
467
What does the thoracic duct dump into?
hooks behind left internal jugular vein and hooks around to drain into the left subclavian vein
468
Where does the right lymphatic duct dump into?
Right subclavian vein
469
How much lymph do you replace in 24 hours?
2 liters
470
Why is the tetralogy of fallot bad?
The defects cause the hypertrophy due to the pressure in the ventricle
471
What are five causes of azygous vein enlargement?
1. Pregnancy
2. Overhydration
3. Congestive heart failure
4. portal hypertension
5. Tricuspid insufficiency
472
What are the two types of Left ventricle hypertrophy?
1. Concentric
| 2. Eccentric
473
If you have a really damaged oculomotor nerve what would not work?
You couldn't look up
474
If vagus is damaged what would you see?
increased heart rate
475
Describe Concentric Left Ventricle hypertrophy?
- Maladaptive
| - Hypertension, congenital heart defects, stenosis causes it
476
In concentric heart hypertrophy there is an _______ in muscle mass but a ______in vasculature
Increase,
| decrease
477
Describe eccentric hyperatrophy?
"Athlete's heart"
- Results from increased physical activity
- risks are associated with dramatic hypertrophy
478
Describe dialated cardiomyopathy
- The thinning ventricular wall decreases stroke volume
| - Organ perfusion becomes more difficult
479
What can heart fibrosis affect?
Heart muscle and/or heart valves
480
What is the general term for a collapsed lung?
atelectasis
481
What valve is usually affected by heart fibrosis?
Tricuspid valve (heart murmurs)
482
What are the causes of coronary artery disease?
- Smoking
- Hypertension
- High Chlolesterol
- Diabetes/insulin resistance
- Sedentary lifestyle
483
What are risk factors for coronary heart disease?
- Age
- Sex
- Family History
- Obesity
- High Stress
- Poor Diet
484
Describe a Myocardial Infarcation
Heart Attack
485
What layer of the heart is affected by a heart attack and why?
inner
486
Orientation of internal intercostal ribs
Run lateral to medial
487
Origin of internal intercostal ribs
Inferior to rib above
488
Insertion of intercostal ribs
Superior border of rib above
489
What nerve innervates the internal, external and innermost internal intercostal ribs?
intercostal nerves
490
Action of the internal and innermost internal intercostal ribs
Depresses the rib above (Exhale)
491
Orientation of the intercostal nerves
run just inferior to ribs in the intercostal grooves
492
Origin of the intercostal nerves
Arise from the ventral ramus (after the ganglion) of the thoracic spinal nerves (Mixed) nerves
493
How would you get from the internal thoracic arteries to the external iliac arteries?
1. Thoracic aorta
2. Travels downward on each side of sterum
3. Branches out to ribs (1 on each side)
4. Branches travel on the superior and posterior surface of the rib.
5. Anastomoste
6 Once you pass costal cartilages called superior epigastric
494
What is the difference between the right and left sides of venous supply in the thorax
Azygous system
From right side- come over and anastomose with azygous vein
From the left go into hemiazygous
Hemiazygous and azgous combine
495
Where does the azygous vein go?
posterior side of the superior vena cava
496
Where do the intercostal veins go?
Can take blood to azygous system
497
Where do the internal thoracic veins go?
To subclavian veins
498
What is the superior border of the medistinum?
Superior wall of thoracic cavity
499
What is the anterior border of the mediastinum?
Sternum
500
What is the posterior border of the mediastinum?
Spine
501
What is the interior border of the mediastinum?
Diaphram
502
What is the Lateral border of the mediastinum?
Lungs
503
What is found in the anterior mediastinum?
Fat on the chest plate
504
What is found in the posterior mediastinum?
```
Esophagus,
Air passageways
TRachae
Bronchii
Azygous system
Arteries and veins into the heart
```
505
What is found in the superior mediastnum?
Esophagus
Trachae
Great vessels of the heart
506
What is the function of the trachae?
Windpipe, takes air to both lungs
507
What does the trachae break into?
Two primary bronchi
508
Where are the primary bronchi?
1st branch off trachea
509
What is the function of the primary bronchi?
Take air to each lung
510
Where are the secondary bronchi?
2nd branch off aorta
511
How many secondary bronchi are on the right
3
512
How many secondary bronchi on the left?
2
513
Where so the secondary bronchii take air to?
each lobe
514
What happens if one of the secondary bronchi is obstructed?
Better than if theprimary bronchi are
| Only one lobe won't function
515
What is the difference between the right and left lungs?
Right has 3 lobes and two fissures
| Left has 2 lobes and one fissure
516
Name the location of the three lobes of the right lungs
superior, middle, and inferior (goes down to the base)
517
Name the fissures of the right lung
Horizontal and oblique
518
What does the horizontal fissure of the right lung seperate?
superior and inferior lobes
519
What does the oblique fissure of the right lung seperate?
inferior and middle
520
Name the two lobes of the left lung
superior inferior
521
What is the fissure of the left lung called?
oblique
522
How can you distinguish Bronchi in the lungs?
They are thicker
523
How do you remember arteries in the lungs?
RALS (Right anterior, left superior) (if looking at it medially)
524
What color are lung arteries on diagrams and why?
Blue and because they are low oxygen
525
What is pleura?
A double walled sac that forms a pleural space with pleural fluid
526
What is the function of the pleura?
Reduce friction,
| keep lungs inflated (they have a tendency to want to collapse
527
Which layer is the parietal pleura?
outside
528
What is the pleura covering the wall of the lungs called?
visceral pleura
529
What is the difference between the right and left primary bronchi?
Right-Anterior to arteries and Primary Bronchus is larger with a steeper descent
Left-Bronchi are superior to arteries
530
Which primary bronchus would food enter if it went down the trachae?
The right, because it has a bigger diameter
531
What is the carina?
The area where the primary bronchi split
532
Where are the cartilage rings located on the trachae and why?
Anterior side because esophagus sits posteriorly
533
What is the function of the trachalis muscle?
Constricts during a cough decreasing the diameter so air can move faster and expel contaminant out
534
How does the pleura maintain a negative pressure and prevent collapse of the lung?
It opposes the cohesive nature of fluid in the lungs
Since the fluid is made mostly of water it has the tendency to form micelles pulling of the walls of the lungs. This pressure will decrease the volume and pull inwards but the pleura opposes this.
535
What is a pneumothorax?
Air in the pleura space
536
What is the term for a collapsed lung?
Atelectasis
537
What is a closed pneumothorax?
Air in the pleural cavity without a penetrating injury or external cause.
Pleural cavity pressure is less than atmospheric
538
Describe an open pneumothorax
There is a penetrating injury (you will see blood soap bubbles)
Person can still breath
Can seal it with cellophane
Pleural cavity = atm
539
What is a tension pneumothorax?
The most fatal
Pleural cavity pressure is greater than atm
Can displace blood vessels
Person tries to breath deeper. In the field you make a second wound to let air out
540
What is valsalva's maneuver?
Compression of the abdominal muscles and closing glottis increases pressure in the ventral cavity.
Volume decreases.
People have a voice change during the manuever
Initiates vagal response and HR decreases.
Danger is that the inferior vena cava is low pressure and it could flatten and get less air out to the heart.
To avoid, exhale during exertion
541
Why does pregnancy increase the diameter of the azygous vein?
Larger blood volume
542
Why is the azygous vein larger with portal hypertention?
Refers to hepatic portal vein. Too much blood in portal system (Cirrosis)
Blood builds up behind venous and now you have high BP in azygous
543
Hypertrophy
Increased muscle mass
544
Why is concentric hytpertrophy so bad?
Heart has to contract much harder at rest
545
Why is eccentric hypertrophy better?
We can increase muscle but still keep the same amount of volume. It can protect against heart attacks.
Also can occur during pregnancy
Athletes can get too much hypertrophy
546
what can dilated cardiomyopathy lead to?
pulmonary edema
547
Causes of cardio myopathy?
High BP- cap-stretching muscle leads to
Coronary heart disease
Aortic valve problems
548
Symptoms of cardio myopathy?
fluid accumulation in lungs because blood is not leaving ventrical and fluid leaves blood to lungs
Renal failure- cannot regulat potassium
549
Effect of a slow relaxing heart
cannot contract heart all the way, heart works harder
550
What is the cause of heart fibrosis
sedentary lifestyle
| aging-valve get stiffer
551
What is coronary heart disease
arterosclorsis- hardening
athroscolosis-plugging
552
what is a heart attack?
killing heart cells
