Exam 2 Flashcards
(23 cards)
Interaction Avoidance (2 types)
Camouflage (don’t get recognized or noticed) and Mimicry (look like something that is harmful but it’s really harmless)
Camouflage (3 types)
Cryptic Coloration - adopt a pattern to blend in
Countershading - light underside dark topside
Aposematic Coloration - remind the thing trying to eat you of a bad exp, is dangerous
Community Succession
Periodic change in assemblage of species in community
Pioneer -> Intermediate -> Climax
Pioneer Community
Generalists, no specific resource requirement, change environment
Intermediate Community
Fewer generalists than Pioneer, more specialists, specific resource requirement due to specialists, change environment
Climax Community
Mostly specialists, does not change environment, specific resource requirement
Kingdom Protista
~1.6 Billion years Supergroup Excavata Supergroup Archaeplastida Supergroup Amoebozoa Supergroup SAR
Supergroup Excavata
Have a groove along the body
Cause African Sleeping Sickness
ex: Euglena
Flagellum, photoreceptor, photosynthetic, positive phototaxis (behavior): light oriented
Supergroup Archaeplastida
Colonial, individual, or multicellular
ex: Volvox
Colonial, photosynthetic, asexual in spring and summer, sexual in fall, monoecious (male and female in one body), some members make egg-like structures, others sperm-like.
Chloroplasts
Dioecious (male or female)Supergroup Amoebozoa
Pseudopods, Lack Mitochondria
Supergroup SAR
DNA Evidence Cause Red Tide Dinoflagellates Zooxanthella - Symbiotic with anemones Plasmodium - cause Malaria Paramecium - Ciliated, "conjugated" sexual reproduction, genetically diverse, fission for asexual
3 Colonial Theories
1) Unicellular -> Colony -> Specialization -> either food synth or locomotion, locomotion ->specialization -> either reproduction or locomotion (radial symmetry)
2) Colony -> Solid colony -> Hollow Colony -> Specialization -> either food synth or locomotion, locomotion ->specialization -> either reproduction or locomotion (radial symmetry), reproduction -> gets folded inside middle of colony -> other cells inside specialize for digestion (radial symmetry)
Syncytial Theory) Large unicellular organism -> areas within become specialized -> internal mmb to separate areas -> more specialization -> more cells (bilateral symmetry)
Ontogeny Recapitulates Phylogeny
Life History Summarizes Ancestry
Phylum Porifera (Sponges)
Protostome (Mouth first), Diploblastic, Filter/Suspension Feeding (no digestive tract - inc. efficiency by increasing S.A. or filter more water, intracellular digestion)
No resp., circ., digestive, or secretory structures
Endoskeleton: spongin-elastic, spicules- non elastic
hydrostatic, asymmetrical
ectoderm: pinacocytes, endoderm: choanocytes(feeding) & mesenchyme(growth, etc), mesohyl: cilia
Body Types: Ascon (sac), Syncon (fig), Leucon (white)
Water filtered in spongocoel, radial canal, and choanocyte chambers respectively
Spring/Summer sedentary adults, flagellated larvae - reduce comp
Fall asexual reproduction with gemmules, emerge in spring as adults
Flow of energy
Sun to producers, to primary consumers, to secondary consumers, to higher lvls. fewer creatures in each higher lvl due to less energy gain, requiring more land t sustain larger populations
Body Plans
Asymmetry - random arrangement (not designed for locomotion i.e. Phylum Porifera)
Radial - Parts arranged around central axis
Bilateral - more or less equal left and right, designed for moving forward, allows cephalization (collection of sensory neurons in the animal - like a spine)
Oral vs Aboral: Mouth vs not mouth
Front plane: Dorsal vs Posterior
Over vs Under
Transverse: Anterior vs Posterior
Top vs bottom half
Sagittal: Medial vs Lateral
Left & right, closer to mid sagittal line vs further
Distal vs Proximal
Further from connection point vs closer
Germ Layers
Ectoderm - epidermis
Mesoglea - nonliving
diploblastic
Endoderm - gastrodermis
all three = triploblastic
mesoderm - everything else
Space inside?
acoelomate = no space
pseudocoelomate = space not mesodermally derived
Coelomate = mesodermally derived space between gut and body wallAdvantages of a Coelom?
space to: store food and water evolutionary tinkering store extra calories hydrostatic skeleton muscle contraction inc. S.A. for internal organs
Cladograms
Monophyletic: all extant forms and common ancestors
Polyphyletic: common ancestor not included
Paraphyletic: includes common ancestor but some extant groups are excluded
Plesiomorphy: Ancestral characteristic
Symplesiomorphy: Shared ancestral characteristic
Apomorphy: Derived/new characteristic
Synapomorphy: Shared derived characteristic (more recent)
Phylum Cnidaria (Sea Anemones, Jellies, Coral)
Protostome, diploblastic
Incomplete digestive tract (mouth, pharynx, gastrovascular cavity, and then reverse) radial symmetry
Different from complete digestive tract which has specialized organs and an anus to end
Feeding mech: filter/suspension
No resp, excretory, neural, structures
Hydrostatic skeletons
Tissue Level organization
Cnidocytes (synapomorphy) stinging cells (cnidocil = trigger, nematocyst = stinger, barbs hold prey, filament delivers toxin)
Reproduction: asexual: budding and fragmentation (piece breaks off), sexual
Can be colonial or solitary
Polyp Body form vs Medusa
Polyp is solitary, tentacles up, thin mesoglea
Medusa is free floating, tentacles down, thick mesoglea
Class Hydrozoa - hydras (experimental gonads produce egg and sperm)
Class Anthozoa - sea anemones/coral, (antho = flower, zoa = animal), dividers in gastrovascular cavity, no medusa, “septae” increase S.A. of gastrodermis for digestion. Gondas from gastrodermis (corals do resource partitioning)
Class Scyphozoa - jellies, life cycle: Adult (sex rep.) to zygote (mitos) to planula (settle) to scyphistoma (immobile polyp, mitos) to strobila (asexual rep. top breaks off) top becomes ephyra (mitos) to adult
Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
Platy = flat, helminthes = worm
protostome, triploblastic but acoelomate (no space), incomplete digestive tract (tapeworms or Class Cestoda have no digestive tract at all_, predators/fluid feeding/surface nutrient absorption/herbivores
High S.A. (what cell needs) to volume (demand for nutrients) ratio
No obv. resp or circ systems
Protonephridium for excretion (flame cell), hydrostatic skeleton, bilateral symmetry (cephalization)
Have organ systems, ganglia and nerve network
Dorsoventrally flattened, monoecious, parasitic
“Lophotrochozoa Group” (similar larvae (synap…) triploblastic, bilateral)
Class Turbellaria (free living flatworms) - can be found anywhere Citia for crawling along, ventral only Longitudinal muscles for swimming, Circular muscles for reproduction (fragmentation), Dorsoventral for internal movement herbivores, predators, detritivores (dead stuff) incomplete digestive tract Ocelli - eye like structures, photosensitive Auricles - ear structures, chemosensitive Generalized mechanoreceptors Monoecious, bidirectional sperm exchange or penis fencing
Class Trematoda (flukes)
Parasitic, glycocalyx - non living outer layer, inc S.A., diffusion, protection vs host immune system
Life cycle: Adult (sex rep.) to eggs in feces (hatch) to miracidia (ingest/burrow in snail and encyst) to sporocyst (asex rep) to rediae (asexual rep.) to cercariae (exit snail, aquatic plant, encyst) to metacercariae (ingest) to adult
Class Cestoda (tapeworms) parasitic in vertebrate animals small intestine
1mm~25mm in length, limited excretory and nervous systems
No digestive or respiratory system
Tegument: nonliving layer, protection
Parasitism is an apomorphy
Phylum Mollusca (Clams, squids, etc)
Protostome, triploblastic, coelomate, complete digestive tract, gills, nephridia for excretion, hydrostatic skeleton, bilateral symmetry (cephalization), organ systems, ganglia, open circulatory system (all except Cephalopoda (squids) which have closed circ. system)
2 Body regions: headfoot (locomotion and senses) and visceral mass (stuff in shell, life’s processes)
Calcareous shell (in most): 3 layers: periostricum (outer:proteins), prismatic (middle: CaCO3 and proteins), nacreous (inner: alternating CaCO3 and proteins), all secreted by mantle designed to protect visceral mass
Mantle Cavity: exchange with env. (resp, dig, reprod, excret.)
Radula - “tongue” scraper
“Lophotrochozoa”
Class Gastropoda (gastro = stomach, poda = foot), snails, slugs
Torsion (synap., 180 rotation of visceral mass) - head goes in first, clean water goes onto gills. waterproof seal (survives low tide)
Digestive tract: mouth, esophagus, stomach (moved by cilia), intestine, anus (protostyle - ball of food, mucus, enzyme)
Reproduction: most are monoecious, int. fertilization, many are protandric, egg and sperm combine in female
Class Bivalvia (clams, oysters, scallops)
2 shells, sedentary filter feeders, gills do excret (NH3) and resp, moves things with cilia
Has a crystalline style tract to inc. S.A. of digestion
Class Cephalopoda (squids, octopi) “different”
Locomotion: lateral fins - precise swimming, jet propulsion: panicked swimming, go far fast, “Pen” - rigid and keeps hydrodynamic design
Closed circulatory system (only one in this phyla), 3 hearts, 2 brachial (move blood to gills), 1 systematic (pumps blood thru body)
Nervous System: smart, learn by obs, camouflage, solitary, problem solving
Feeding: hunt by sight (20/20 vision, lens retina and cornea (convergent evo))
Capture prey using tentacles and arms, individually controlled suckers
Beaks for killing, radula scrape flesh off fish (squids) or bore holes in clams to inject venom (octopi)
Peristalsis - muscles move food
Class Polyplacophora (chitin) 8-hinged shells, intertidal, dioecious, territorial grazers (exclusive rights to an area)
Phylum Annelida (segmented worms)
Protostomes, triploblastic coelomates, complete digestive tract, hydrostatic skeleton, organ systems, bilateral symmetry (cephalization), ganglia, closed circulatory systems
Feeding behavior: deposit feeders/suspension/fluid feeder/predators
Cutaneous Respiration (moist skin for gas exchange)
Excretion via protonephridium (aquatic lifeforms, energy saving/water using) or metanephridium (terrestrial lifeforms, water saving/energy using)
Metameric body - serial repetition of body parts, injury is less fatal, compartmentalization (precise body control), evolutionary tinkering, tagmatization (specialization of repeated parts)
Setae - hairs/bristles to help grab environment, lost in leeches
“Lophotrochozoa”
