Exam 2

Question 1

Organs of CNS

Answer 1

Brain and Spinal Cord

Question 2

Organs of PNS

Answer 2

Cranial Nerves, Spinal Nerves, Ganglia, Enteric Plexuses, Sensory Receptors, Motor Receptors

Question 3

Sensory Neurons

Answer 3

Detect stimuli; convey info to CNS

Question 4

Association/ Integration Neurons

Answer 4

Integration of sensory info and decision making

Question 5

Motor Neurons

Answer 5

Motor output; carry info from CNS to effectors and organs

Question 6

Reflex Arcs

Answer 6

Rapid autonomic responses

Question 7

Types of reflex arcs

Answer 7

Somatic - stim. skeletal muscle

Autonomic/ Enteric - stim. smooth & cardiac muscle, endocrine and exocrine glands, adipose tissue

Question 8

Types of nervous tissue

Answer 8

Neurons and neuroglia

Question 9

Neurons

Answer 9

Circuitry connecting all regions of body to nervous system

Question 10

Neuroglia

Answer 10

Support, nourish, and protect neurons

Question 11

Which type of nervous tissue continues to divide mitoticaly?

Answer 11

Neuroglia

Question 12

Which tissues possess electrical excitability?

Answer 12

Neurons and muscle tissue

Question 13

Membrane potentials

Answer 13

Electrical signals that travel along cell membrane

Question 14

Types of membrane potentials:

Answer 14

Graded potentials and action potentials

Question 15

Graded potentials:

Answer 15

Short distance and variable voltage (diminishes with distance)

Question 16

Action potentials:

Answer 16

Long distance and constant voltage

Question 17

3 main parts of neuron

Answer 17

Dendrites, cell body, and axon

Question 18

Synapse

Answer 18

Site of communication between neurons and other cells/glands

Question 19

Types of Synaptic Cells:

Answer 19

1. Between two neurons
2. Neuromuscular synapse
3. Neuroglandular synapse

Question 20

Neurotransmitters

Answer 20

Chemical messengers passing between chemical synapses - excitatory or inhibitory

Question 21

Structural classifications of neurons

Answer 21

1. Multipolar - cell body in CNS
2. Bipolar - areas of special senses
3. Unipolar - cell podies in ganglia of PNS, right outside spinal cord

Question 22

Types of Multipolar Neurons

Answer 22

Purkinje (cerebellum) and Pyramidal (cerebral cortex) cells

Question 23

Electrical synapse

Answer 23

Gap junctions between cells; ion channels made of connexons. In smooth muscle and cardiac muscle.

Question 24

Chemical synapse

Answer 24

Synaptic cleft between cells; chemical messenger passes through.

Question 25

Differences between electrical and chemical synapses

Answer 25

Electrical is faster and two-way communication; Chemical is one-way communication; Chemical uses neurotransmitters.

Question 26

Na+ and Ca+ influx cause:

Answer 26

Depolarization; AP generated

Question 27

K- and Cl- influx cause:

Answer 27

Polerization; AP not generated

Question 28

Spatial Summation

Answer 28

Sum of AP from multiple synapses of presynaptic neurons

Question 29

Temporal Summation

Answer 29

Sum of AP from single synapse/location, but many times in succession

Question 30

Types of Glia in CNS

Answer 30

1. Astrocytes 2. Microglia 3. Oligodendrocytes 4. Ependymal Cells

Question 31

Types of Glia in PNS

Answer 31

1. Schwann Cells | 2. Satellite Cells

Question 32

Astrocytes Functions

Answer 32

Branching provides strength, maintain permeability (BBB), secrete chemical in embryo affecting development, aid nerve impulses, role in learning/memory.

Question 33

Oligodendrocytes

Answer 33

Myelin sheath of the CNS

Question 34

Microglia

Answer 34

Phagocytes in the CNS; remove debris, microbes, and damaged tissue

Question 35

Ependymal Cells

Answer 35

Line ventricles of brain and spinal cord; produce CSF and create blood-CSF barrier

Question 36

Schwann Cells

Answer 36

Myelin sheath of PNS and axon regeneration

Question 37

Satellite Cells

Answer 37

Surround cell bodies of neurons in PNS ganglia (unipolar cells)

Question 38

Saltatory Conduction

Answer 38

Nerve impulse "jumps" node to node; faster and more efficient

Question 39

Continuous Conduction

Answer 39

NO MYELIN SHEATH - entire axon continuously depolarized; less efficient and slower

Question 40

4 Neural Circuits

Answer 40

1. Diverging 2. Converging 3. Reverberating 4. Parallel

Question 41

Plasticity

Answer 41

Capability to change, grow, and repair; Sprouting, new proteins, and changes to synaptic contacts

Question 42

Sprouting

Answer 42

Growth of new dendrites to make new connections

Question 43

Neurogenesis

Answer 43

Growth of new neurons from stem cells -- Only in hippocampus of humans