Exam 2 Flashcards
(138 cards)
1
Q
Orthodox Christians/Christianity
A
More mystical in its liturgical preoccupations and more concerned with inner spiritual content. Eastern church of Roman empire.
2
Q
mystical/mysticism
A
A form of religious experience that emphasizes the possibility and desirability of a direct and intuitive apprehension of divinity. A mystic is one who strives for this direct and personal union with God.
3
Q
deification
A
human identification or union with God whereby human beings share some of God’s attributes
4
Q
canonization of tradition
A
when church tradition becomes an official part of church doctrine
5
Q
model of sanctity
A
a way in which Christians seek to deny themselves and follow Christ; e.g., monasticism
6
Q
religious authority
A
that which determines accepted beliefs and practices; here, the Bible and tradition
7
Q
tradition
A
Specific interpretation of Scripture as elaborated within the Christian community and affirmed by the church
8
Q
ecumenical councils
A
Universal meeting of Bishops, whose authority was accepted as official.
9
Q
conciliar
A
adjectival form of council; conciliar decrees are those handed down by church councils
10
Q
papacy
A
the authority of the pope, expressed through institutions such as the Mass (Eucharist), church organization, monastic houses, and official doctrine
11
Q
ecclesiastical
A
anything having to do with the church; ecclesiastical authority = church authority
12
Q
dogmatic
A
pertaining to church doctrine or teaching
13
Q
church Fathers
A
influential church teachers in the period after the Apostles; Origen and Clement of Alexandria
14
Q
pope
A
Pope is the title restricted to the Bishop of Rome since the fourth century; the papacy is the office of the pope.
15
Q
monk, *hermit, monastery, monasticism
A
Individual who, for religious reasons, retired from general society and goes out to a lonely place to focus on an intense relationship with God.
16
Q
counsels of perfection
A
Traditionally, the vocations to poverty, chastity, and obedience, which form the basis of nearly all monastic and religious life for Roman Catholicism, Orthodox Christianity and Protestant religious orders.
17
Q
chastity
A
No sex
18
Q
Neoplatonic/*Neoplatonism
A
Ancient mystical philosophy based on doctrines of Plato. It had a lasting effect on the development of Christian mysticism.
19
Q
celibacy
A
Being unmarried. This condition is accepted by priests in the Roman Catholic church as necessary for ordination. In the Orthodox church, men may marry before ordination but not after, Bishops must not marry.
20
Q
Augustine of Hippo
A
Bishop of Hippo (North Africa) and one of the most important early Christian writers.
21
Q
contemplation
A
a form of prayer developed within the monastic tradition
22
Q
friars and canons
A
monks who were not confined to solitude in a monastery but moved about to preach, teach, etc.
23
Q
Basil the Great
A
Greek theologian who wrote a monastic rule still used in Orthodox monasticism.
24
Q
Benedict of Nursia
A
Founder of the Benedictines, he wrote the first monastic rule used in the west.
25
patriarch/Patriarch of Constantinople
One of the progenitors of Jewish people, especially Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. In the Christian church, a title of certain exalted bishops. In the early church, there were five great patriarchates: Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem. The Patriarch of Constantinople was under the emperor and often had to safeguard religious freedom from him.
26
the year 313
The year Constantine became the sole master of the western half of the empire.
27
ecumenical council at Nicea
The problem was that people thought there is only one God, so Jesus is not God but a creature. The resolution was that Jesus is the son of God and is God, of the same divine essence as the father.
28
Byzantium
Site of present-day Istanbul. Constantine had a new city built there in 330 and renamed it Constantinople when he moved the capital of the Roman empire there in 333.
29
Constantinople
Capital city of the Roman Empire under Constantine and his successors, formerly called Byzantium. Called also the “new Rome”. Three ecumenical councils were held there.
30
Eusebius
Bishop of Caesarea and so-called father of church history. Wrote official biography of Constantine.
31
schism between Rome and Constantinople in 1054
Frequent clashes between east and west led to a formal schism between Rome and Constantinople in this year.
32
extolled
to proclaim the glory of
33
theocracy
a system of government in which a religious body holds unlimited power
34
talisman
something worn or kept to bring good luck or keep away evil
35
promulgated
as in published, declared, spotlighted
36
icon
Flat pictures of God and saints venerated in Orthodox churches.
37
veneration
Respect or awe inspired by the dignity, wisdom, dedication, or talent of a person.
38
graven images
images of God in; forbidden in the Ten Commandments
39
Iconoclast controversy
Opposition to religious use of images, from the fourth to the ninth centuries a raging battle in Orthodox Christianity. In the Reformation, some Protestants (especially Puritans) considered the use of religious images idolatrous.
40
consecrated
blessed for a religious purpose
41
iconostasis
Screen in Orthodox churches that separates the sanctuary from the rest of the church.
42
Mother of God
Mary, the mother of Jesus
43
divinization
human identification or union with God whereby human beings share some of God’s attributes
44
relics
Material remains of a saint or sacred objects that touched the body.
45
vestments
clothes worn by clergy while leading worship
46
mystical
allowing oneself to be enveloped by God’s presence, not trying to see or know God; the deeper meanings of one’s faith can best be apprehended by way of religious experience
47
Scholasticism
The educational system of the medieval schools, which consisted in methods of disputation and philosophical and theological speculation. It was stimulated by the discoveries of Aristotelian logic in the 11th century and led to logical speculation and systemization of Christians faith on every conceivable level.
48
predestination
The idea that God decrees beforehand for all eternity the fate of individual souls. Some Christians believe that God predestines people to both heaven and hell; others say that God predestines people to heaven but reprobates to hell. Predestination is deduced on the basis of divine foreknowledge.
49
Incarnation
Christian doctrine that the eternal Son of God took flesh; Jesus Christ as both fully divine and human,
50
transubstantiation
One explanation- along with transfiguration and consubstantiation- of how the bread and the wine used in the celebration of the Eucharist are transformed into the body and blood of Christ. It was adopted as the official teaching of the Roman Catholic church in the 13th century,but arguments about it continue within Catholicism and Christianity in general.
51
Christendom
wherever the church is endorsed by the state as the official religion
52
Thomas Aquinas
Faith is grounded in and moving toward God, so it is supernatural
BUT it is also intellectual
One can contemplate mystery of God but also create rational arguments for God’s existence
You can combine faith and reason
Interpreter of aristotle
53
Summa Theologica
Comprehensive synthesis of biblical, patristic, and medieval understandings of Christianity. Written by Thomas Aquinas.
54
theology
the scientific study of God
55
metaphysics
unseen reality
56
patristic
referring to the Church fathers
57
excommunication
An ecclesiastical punishment whereby a person is excluded from communion with the church; that is, the excommunicated person may not partake of the sacraments or, in some cases, speak to anyone in the community.
58
diocese
A unit of territorial administration in churches with episcopal structures. Under the jurisdiction of a bishop and is usually a relatively large territory. The Roman divided the empire into provinces called dioceses to ensure smooth and effective government. Christians adapted the system to suit their ecclesiastical purposes.
59
Canon law
official church laws governing church life
60
pilgrimage
a journey of a pilgrim
| especially : one to a shrine or a sacred place
61
shrine
a place in which devotion is paid to a saint or deity
62
St. Peter’s in Rome
A monument to an era in which religion was thought to be the most important activity on Earth. The Papal Basilica of Saint Peter in the Vatican, or simply Saint Peter's Basilica, is a church built in the Renaissance style located in Vatican City, the papal enclave that is within the city of Rome
63
Vatican
Modern papal residence in Rome. The Italian Law of guarantees (1871) and the Lateran Accords (1929), the Vatican, the Lateran Cathedral, and the papal villa at Castel Gandolfo were granted extraterritoriality (not subject to the Italian government). Vatican city is a separate city-state in Italy.
64
tithe
church tax consisting of one tenth of one’s income or crops
65
communion
= Holy Communion, the Eucharist, Lord’s Supper
66
Unam Sanctum
The papal letter issued by Pope Boniface VIII in 1302 during his quarrel with Philip IV of France. In it, the pope defined the four marks of the church as being one, holy, Catholic, and apostolic and argued that “outside the church there is no salvation”.
67
Avignon Papacy
The Avignon Papacy, also known as the Babylonian Captivity, was the period from 1309 to 1376 during which seven successive popes resided in Avignon (France) rather than in Rome.
68
Great Western Schism
The divide of the west due to there being a pope in France and a pope in Rome.
69
Thomas à Kempis
Wrote The Imitation of Christ, which exemplifies the new kind of devotionalism people were looking for through an inward dimension not focused on the corruption outside.
70
archetype
the original pattern or model of which all things of the same type are representations or copies
71
tangible
capable of being perceived especially by the sense of touch, substantially real
72
scrupulously
having moral integrity : acting in strict regard for what is considered right or proper
73
functionaries
one who serves in a certain function
74
ameliorations
the act of making something better; improvement.
75
conciliarist movement/conciliarism
refers to church authority vested in a council rather than in the pope
76
medieval
period of history from the fifth century to the fifteenth century
77
John Wycliffe
Philosopher at Oxford who gained support by arguing that religious authority ought to be reserved for the righteous and unworthy, immoral people had no legitimate right to exercise religious authority over people. Translated Bible into English. Criticized unscriptural parts of church. Followers called Lollards.
78
Humanism
later called the Renaissance. Responded to religious and political chaos around them by remembering ancient conceptions of humanity, culture, ideals and destiny. Rebirth of classical learning. Wanted to rediscover the sources of and delight in the type of life portrayed in classical Greek and Roman documents.
A philosophical and literary movement that extolled human capabilities. In its Renaissance form, it signaled a return to classical antiquity. It inspired some of the scriptural research that led to the Reformation.
79
Renaissance
From the word for “rebirth”, it was a development of Western civilization from the fourteenth century to the sixteenth centuries that marked the passage from the medieval to modern times. In it, there was a new importance given to individual expression, culture, and worldly experience.
80
Holy Roman Empire
the varying complex of lands in western and central Europe ruled over first by Frankish and then by German kings for 10 centuries (800–1806). The Holy Roman Emperor was elected by a group of Electors from each region of the empire.
81
Vulgate
Latin version of the Bible compiled and translated by Saint Jerome in the fourth century to provide one authorized version of the Bible to Christians (instead of the many versions in circulation at the time). It was adopted by RCC as the only official version, a position opposed by reformers.
82
sola scriptura
Luther’s appeal of “Scripture alone” over the church.
83
theologian
someone who is an authority in theology, the scientific study of God
84
unscriptural
contrary to what is written in the Bible
85
Lollards
Followers of John Wycliffe in England.
86
evangelical poverty
giving away all possessions to follow Christ
87
clerical celibacy
refers to vows taken by a priest not to marry
88
indulgences
Remission by the church of temporal punishment due for sin. Based on the merits of Christ and the saints, the medieval Catholic church reasoned that it could grant indulgences drawn from a treasury of merits available to sinners on Earth.
89
Bohemia
Now Czech Republic.
90
Great Western Schism
From 1378 until 1415, the Roman Catholic church was divided between two men, one in Roman and one in France, both claiming to be the true pope (WB, 81). Not to be confused with the Great Schism between Eastern Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism (1054).
91
Martin Luther
German monk who thought that the entire teaching tradition of the church might be wrong, that judged against the teaching authority of Scripture alone, tradition was erroneous. Protested indulgences. Protests led to formation of a new church. Came up with concept of justification by faith alone.
92
doctrine of *purgatory
A roman Catholic doctrine that says there is a state of life after death that is neither heaven nor hell but a place where one can suffer or work out the temporal punishment due to sin committed on earth. Accordingly, Catholics tend to pray for the dead while Protestants do not. God’s justice demands purification and so could refuse heaven to anyone who was not perfectly purified before death, but God’s mercy will not permit such a refusal to heaven to those who truly long for heaven and simply need more time.
93
pilgrimage
a journey to a holy place, such as a shrine with relics or to Jerusalem
94
catechism
a collection of questions and answers used to teach the faith
95
atonement
the doctrine concerning how human beings can be in a right relationship with God: at-one-ment
96
Peasants’ Revolt
1524. Uprising of Germanpeasants. Although their grievances were economic, the peasants were urged on by some religious reformers and others who were impatient for change. Their list of demands included some religious reforms, but their methods were variations of mob violence. Luther called for their extermination.
97
justification by faith alone
A person’s passage from sin to righteousness. Also, that act whereby God makes a person just (conveys grace to a person’s soul); or the act whereby God, because of the sacrifice of Christ, treats a person mercifully- as though the person were just or righteous. Christian shared belief that justification is bound with rebirth or regeneration, but disagree about what rebirth means, how it is accomplished and how it affects the person.
People just had to trust that God would regard them as righteous.
98
Ulrich Zwingli
leader of the Protestant Reformation in Switzerland and father of the Reformed branch of Protestantism
99
John Calvin
French Protestant theologian. Created Calvinist church. Everything necessary for salvation was in the Bible. Believed that faith and salvation depended on election.
100
Institutes of the Christian Religion
1536 – 1559. Written by John Calvin. Used to systematize Protestant theology.
101
theocracy/theocratic state
government by divine guidance or by officials who are regarded as divinely guided. In many theocracies, government leaders are members of the clergy, and the state’s legal system is based on religious law.
102
Reformed church/tradition/= Calvinist
Opposite of Lutheran church, held the views of Calvin.
103
polity
the operational and governance structure of a church
104
divine election
the teaching that God chooses people to be saved; closely related to predestination.
105
intrinsic justification
the idea that God’s grace becomes a part of us, so that we change and are therefore justified; the Catholic view.
106
Jacob Arminius/Arminianism
opposed Calvin’s teaching about election and claimed that we contribute something to our salvation.
107
Anglicans
members of the Church of England after the Tudor Reformation
108
Book of Common Prayer
contains the worship services for Anglicans
109
The Radical Reformation
Very radical reformers. Did not believe in child baptism. Sometimes called Anabaptists. Wanted to restore apostolic Christianity, to live in conformity with Scripture, and faith of the first Christians.
110
creed
a statement of beliefs; Nicene Creed: the standard creed for Catholics
111
Mass
Eucharist = Lord’s Supper = Holy Communion
112
the Jesuits/Society of Jesus and Ignatius of Loyola
Jesuits are a Society of Jesus that did anti-Protestant work, missions and education.
Ignatius of Loyola: founded the jesuits; soldier who decided to devote his life to Christ through poverty, celibacy, obedience and service.
113
Inquisition
A final Catholic court of appeals for heresy cases
114
Index
An official list of books that members of the roman church were forbidden to read.
115
Mennonites
One group of Anabaptists. Type of Radical reformer. Amish split from Mennonites. Strongly invested in local congregation and were able to support a variety of practical forms within the general framework of anabaptist belief.
116
Anglican/Anglicans
relating to or denoting the Church of England or any Church in communion with it.
117
Puritans
Wanted church purged of anything Roman im practice, liturgy, or doctrine. Split and formed Presbyterians and Congregationalists. A member of a group of English Protestants of the late 16th and 17th centuries who regarded the Reformation of the Church of England under Elizabeth as incomplete and sought to simplify and regulate forms of worship.
118
*episcopal form of government
A type of ecclesiastical government where authority rests with bishops and flows down from them through priests to members of the congregation
119
*Presbyterian/Presbyterians
A type of ecclesiastical government in which authority rests with a group of elders.
120
Congregationalists/Congregationalism/*congregational
A type of ecclesiastical government where authority flows throughout the congregation.
121
Baptists
Believe baptism must be done through full immersion and only adults.
122
Quakers
Believe people have the “Inner Light” within them which is the voice of God. All outward signs of religion rejected.
123
George Fox
Founder of the Quakers; Religious experience led to his belief about the Inner Light.
124
Enlightenment
A term applied to scientific and philosophical thought in the 18th century characterized by belief in natural law and order, confidence in human reason, and a rational approach to religious questions.
125
Deism
Belief in a supreme being who created the world and then left it to its own discoverable and reasonable natural laws. The Deist God is not personal and does not reveal religious truths or work miracles.
126
Pietism
Bible-centered faith
Keen sense of guilt and forgiveness felt in heart
Personal conversion
Practical holiness in simple Christian living
Concern for needs of other people
127
Methodists,/Methdodism
Personal conversion
Warm fellowship
Fervent preaching
Hymns comforting and easy to sing
128
John Wesley
Founder of methodism; had religious awakening that warmed his heart and he knew God had forgiven his sins, so he wanted a more heartfelt religious experience.
129
George Whitefield
One of the founders of methodism. Came to America during Gw and greatly influenced the revivalist movement.
130
Moravians
Influenced John Wesley’s development of Methodism. Part of Protestant church (one of the oldest denominations).
131
covenant theology
Used, especially by the Puritans, to explain the election and preservation of the saints. It was an important part of the religions, political, and social understanding of both the Congregational and Presbyterian Puritans.
132
The Great Awakening
Revivalism of American Christianity.
133
Jonathan Edwards
Congregationalist theologian and preacher responsible for New England phase of GW.
134
Evangelical/Evangelicalism
Stresses new birth, emotions demonstrate conversion is of the heart, sufficiency of God
135
denomination/*denominationalism
A denomination is a specific church group united in policy and belief. Several meanings of denominationalism: (1) the variety and independence of various churches, (2) the notion that there are and ought to be many differing church bodies. (3) The movement to unite local churches into one larger body.
136
proliferation
-rapid increase in numbers.
137
immutable
unchanging over time or unable to be changed.
138
ponderous
- oppressively or unpleasantly dull
| - Of great weight
