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Anatomy and Physiology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Can be solid or liquid

Fx: Connects and binds tissue together

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2
Q

What are the three types of connective tissue?

A
  1. Specialized cells
  2. Extracellular fibers
  3. Ground substance
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3
Q

Specialized Cells 1. Fixed Cells

A
  1. Fibroblast: Involved with development of connective tissue
  2. Adipocyte: Involved with storage of energy
  3. Reticular Cell: Phagocytic cell of reticular connective tissue
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4
Q

Specialized Cells: 2. Wandering Cells

A
  1. Mast Cells: Contains heparin and histamine
    Fx: recognize foreign invaders –> anti-inflammatory response
  2. WBC: Neutrophils, Basophils, Eosinophils, lymphocytes, monocytes
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5
Q

Extracellular Fibers: 1. Collagen

A

Main protein of connective tissues, found predominately in skin and bone
Fx: Gives structure and shape (rigid)

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6
Q

Extracellular Fibers: 2. Reticular Fibers

A

Found in liver and spleen

Fx: Gives framework and support for cellular organs

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7
Q

Extracellular Fibers: 3. Elastic Fibers

A

Found in alveolar sacs, young animals in bones
Fx: Allows for stretching of a tissue
-Emphysema: a condition where the alveolar sacs are damaged –> decrease in pulmonary compliance

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8
Q

Ground Substance

A

Can be liquid or solid
Def: Shapeless, viscous matrix of connective tissue
Fx: Allows for attachment, provides nutrients, eliminates waste, binds tissue together

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9
Q

Periosteum

A

Membrane surrounding the bone

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10
Q

Epiphysis

A

End of bone, composed of cancellous bone (spongy bone)

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11
Q

Epiphyseal Plate

A

Growth plate

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12
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft of the bone, composed of cortical bone (compact bone)

  1. Haversian Canals: Run vertically to allow entry of blood vessels
  2. Volkmann Canals: Run horizontally to connect Haversian canals
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13
Q

Medullary Cavity

A

Hollow center of the bone

  1. Red bone marrow: produces RBCs, WBCs, platelets
  2. Yellow bone marrow: stores fat to be used for energy
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14
Q

Functions of the bone

A
  • Support/Stability
  • Protection
  • Production of RBCs, WBCs, and platelets
  • Storage of Ca+ and P+ (Ca + is important for neuron function)
  • Provides point of attachment for muscles
  • Stores fat
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15
Q

Production of Bone

A

Ossification
Produced by Osteoblasts
Regulated by: Thyroid and Para Thyroid

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16
Q

Thyroid

A

Produces calcitonin
Fx: Increases osteoblast numbers
If overactive –> thickening of bones –> Osteoma

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17
Q

Parathyroid

A

Produces parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Fx: Increases osteoclast numbers
If overactive –> Thinning of bone –> fracture

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18
Q

Breakdown of Bone

A

Deossification
Produced by osteoclasts
Cause the release of Ca+ and P+
Osteoporosis + eclampsia

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19
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Disorder characterized by abnormal deconstruction of bone

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20
Q

Eclampsia

A

Condition of decreased calcium in the blood stream due to lactation
Tx: IV Ca+ gluconate and ECG (to look for arrhythmias)
Prevention: Put in growth formula approx. 5 weeks into pregnancy

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21
Q

Wolf’s Law

A

Determination of bone density if directly correlated to muscle pull against the bone, muscle will stimulate bone growth

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22
Q

Orthopedics

A

The study and treatment of the skeletal system

23
Q

Process of a Broken Bone

A
  1. Blood supply will increase –> hematoma (leakage of blood around the fracture)
  2. Hematoma attracts fibroblasts –> creates scar tissue (will deposit collagen fibers)
  3. Fibroblasts stimulate production of osteoblasts
  4. –> stimulate production of osteoclasts
24
Q

Joint Capsule/ Synovial Capsule

A

A multi-layered membrane which surrounds joint

  1. Outer Layer: Fibrous connective tissue (dense and acellular) –> Prevent substances from entering
  2. Inner Layer: Synovial membrane –> Produces synovial fluid (lubricate joint) –> trap synovial fluid and prevent foreign objects from entering joint
25
Q

Arthrocentesis

A

Surgical puncture into joint capsule to remove synovial fluid

26
Q

Analysis of Synovial Fluid

A 
Red Top (nothing): Test for viscosity of fluid, put fluid between fingers and pull apart
Purple Top (EDTA): Test for presence of cells in fluid, will prevent blood from clotting in sample
27
Q

Luxation

A

A dislocation of a bone from it’s natural position in the joint

28
Q

Closed Reduction

A

Must hang leg to relax muscles
Manually position bone back in place, no sx
Less expensive, better healing
Must bandage post-op

29
Q

Open Reduction

A

Used when closed reduction fails
Sx done to open the joint and re-oppose the bones
Will add sutures to stabilize the joint
Must bandage post-op, physical therapy for 4-6 weeks, PROM

30
Q

Osteophytes

A

Excess bone production inside the joint

31
Q

Greenstick Fracture

A

Crack in bone
Occurs in young animals
Bones have not completely mineralized (not enough calcium)
If femoral/humeral –> hard to treat (can’t stabilize)
Place robert-jones bandage at or below the stifle elbow

32
Q

Transverse Fracture

A

Cuts across the bone
Will have 2 separate parts of bone
Tx –> Sx
- Older animals –> pins + plates
- Younger animals –> K/E device (allows for bone growth)
Bandage: Place Moistened 4x4 gauze with antibacterial solution

33
Q

Oblique Fracture

A

Angled fracture
generates sharp edges
Can be open
Tx –> pins +plates

34
Q

Spiral Fracture

A

Creates jagged edges
Usually a result of increased activity
Can be open
Tx: Pins + plates, K/E device (younger animals)

35
Q

Avulsion

A

Portion of tendon/ligament is ripped off bone
Takes a piece of bone with it
Achilles tendon is common
Healing is very slow
Tx: Bandage, no weight bearing, cage rest

36
Q

Comminuted

A

Bone is shattered
Can be open
Bone graft (can be sterilized from cadaver or can harvest own bone from other leg)
Tx: Pins + plates

37
Q

Condylar

A

AKA Salter-Harris
Grade 1-5
Pins will cause friction and potentially migrate out
Tx: bandage, cage rest
S1- Slipped, A2- Above, L3- Lower, T4- Transverse, R5- Ruined

38
Q

Pathological Fracture

A 
Disease causing bone to fx
Osteosarcoma: Malignant bone tumor
-Decreases Ca+:P+ ratio
-Bone become lytic
Concerned about metastasis
39
Q

Compression/Impaction

A

Driving of 2 bones together

Tx: Cage rest, analgesic drugs (Opioids, NSAIDS)

40
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

Inflammation of the bone and bone marrow

Causes: Trauma, bacteria

41
Q

Hip Dysplasia

A

A disorder of the hip joint where the ball and socket joint is normally loose
Femoral head is not sitting correctly inside of acetabulum
Tx: NSAIDS, TPO, THR (most expensive), FHO (least expensive)

42
Q

NSAIDS

A

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Rimadyl (Carprofen), Dermaxx (Deracoxib), Metacam (Meloxicam), Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic acid)

43
Q

Stages of Bone Healing

A
  1. Fracture hematoma (1-7 days)
  2. Fibrocartilage Callus (7-21), hematoma is converted to cartilage (chondroblasts), complete cage rest
  3. Osseous Callus (21-42 days), osteoblasts will mineralize the cartilage, take radiographs 5-6 weeks in
  4. Remodeling (up to 1 year), osteoclasts will reshape bone, shave down excess bone production
44
Q

Cartilage

A 
Similar to bone but flexible
Located in joints
Produced by chondroblasts
Not mineralized (no calcium)
Poor blood supply
Fx: provide structure
45
Q

Osteochondrosis Dessicans (OCD)

A

Tearing of the articular cartilage
Occurs in young dogs on high protein diet –> cause excess cartilage
Use arthrogram –> injection of radiographic dye into joint, take radiographic x-ray, tear will highlight
Symptoms: Animal will vocalize, lameness
Tx: Curette used to scrape bone –> promotes healing

46
Q

Laryngeal Paralysis

A

A failure of the arytenoid cartilage to abduct

Tx: surgical abduction of arytenoid cartilage

47
Q

Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue

A
  1. Dense Regular Connective Tissue
    Found in tendons and ligaments
    Composed of tightly packed parallel collagen fibers
  2. Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
    Found in dermis and coverings of organs (kidney, liver, spleen)
    Arranged in thick bundles
    Fibers are interwoven to form a sheet that can withstand forces
48
Q

Pathology: Tearing of cranial/caudal cruciate ligaments

A

Tx: External capsillary repair (fishing line around fabella to tibial tuberosity), prosthetics, TPLO (realignment of tibial head)

49
Q

Yellow Elastic Connective Tissue

A

Fx: Stress and Compress
Found in skin and alveolar sacs
Emphysema

50
Q

Reticular Connective Tissue

A

Fx: Gives shape

Found in glands of body

51
Q

Areolar Connective Tissue (Loose tissue)

A

Fx: Fill in dead space

Found everywhere except for bone and teeth

52
Q

Adipose Connective Tissue

A

Fx: Store lipids and provide protection
Composed of adipocytes
Found in areas which accumulate a lot of fat

53
Q

Simple Vs. Compound Fx

A

Simple: Caused bone to crack, does not pierce the skin
Compound: Bone completely breaks, can be open

Anatomy and Physiology (3 decks)

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