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Nursing 330 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

Intracellular fluid

A

Within cells

70% of water total body water (TBW)

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2
Q

Extracellular fluid

A

Outside of cells

30% of TBW

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3
Q

Intravascular

A

Liquid component in blood

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4
Q

Interstitial

A

Fluid that surrounds tissue cells and includes lymph

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5
Q

Transcellular

A

Cerebrospinal, pericardial, synovial, intraocular, pleural

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6
Q

Variations of fluid in body

A
  • Age
    -Infants have more total body fluid and ECF
    -Older people:
    +Decreasing percentage of
    body fluid bc of increase in fat
    cells
    +Lose muscle mass
    +Reduced total body water
  • Sex
  • Women = more fat => less body fluid
  • Amount of fat cells in body
  • Little water compared to lean tissue
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7
Q

Fluid Volume Deficit (FVD) definition

A

Loss of water and solutes of same proportion in ECF
Hypovolemia
Interstitial fluid is moved into intravascular space
Cellular fluid drawn into interstitial space
Cells without adequate water

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8
Q

Causes of FVD

A

Loss of body fluids

Decreased intake

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9
Q

Third space fluid shift Definition

A

Distributional shift of body fluids into transcellular compartments, joint cavities, bowel, or excess accumulation in interstitial space
Fluid moves out of intravascular space into these spaces
Deficit in ECF volume
Fluid NOT lost but trapped
So, no body weight loss so immeasurable

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10
Q

Causes of third space fluid shift

A

Disrupted colloid osmotic pressure, increase fluid volume (renal failure, excess IV), increased capillary hydrostatic pressure (heart failure), hyponatremia, increased in capillary membrane permeability (gross tissue trauma), severe burn, bowel obstruction, surgical procedures, pancreatitis, ascites, sepsis

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11
Q

Fluid Volume Excess (FVE) Definition

A

Excessive fluid retention of water and sodium in ECF in near equal proportions

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12
Q

Causes of FVE

A

Malfunction of kidneys

Failure of heart to work as pump

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13
Q

Effects of FVE

A

Fluid pulled from cells to equalize tonicity
By time ECF and ICF are equal, excess of water and sodium is in ECF, so cells are depleted
Accumulates in either intravascular compartments (Hypervolemia) or interstitial space (edema)
Edema is graded based on pit

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14
Q

Normal levels of Sodium

A

135-145 meq/L

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15
Q

Hyponatremia

Definition

A

Sodium deficit in ECF

Loss of sodium or gain of water

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16
Q

Hyponatremia causes

A

Vomiting, diarrhea, fistulas, sweating, diuretics

Fluid moves from ECF to ICF bc it is less concentrated

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17
Q

Hyponatremia Signs

A

Swelling cells
Confusion, hypotension, edema, muscle cramps, weakness, dry skin
Severe
Increasing intracranial pressure
Lethargy, muscle twitching, focal weakness, hemiparesis, seizures, death

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18
Q

Hypernatremia definition

A

Surplus of sodium in ECF

Excess water loss or excess sodium intake

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19
Q

Hypernatremia Causes

A

Fluid deprivation, lack of fluid consumption (diarrhea, unable to feel thirst, hyperventilation, burns)
Fluid moves from cells

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20
Q

CNS symptoms of Hyperatremia

A

Restlessness, weakness, disorientation, delusion, hallucinations

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21
Q

Potassium

Normal levels

A

3.5-5.0 meq/L

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22
Q

Hypokalemia Definition

A

Potassium deficit in ECF

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23
Q

Hypokalemia causes

A

Vomiting, gastric suction, alkalosis, diarrhea
ECF K+ lost
K+ moves from cells to ECF
Intracellular K+ deficit
Sodium and hydrogen retained by cells to maintain isotonic fluids
Skeletal muscles first demonstrate deficiency

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24
Q

Hypokalemia signs

A

Muscle weakness, leg cramps, fatigue, paresthesias, dysrhythmias

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25
Hyperkalemia definition
Excess of K+ in ECF
26
Hyperkalemia Causes
Renal failure, hypoaldosteronism, medications | More dangerous than hypokalemia
27
Signs of hyperkalemia
Nerve conduction and muscle contractility affected Skeletal muscle weakness and paralysis Cardiac irregularities Cardiac arrest
28
Calcium | Normal levels
Ionized: 4.5-5.1 Mg/dL Serum: 8.6-10.2 Mg/dL
29
Hypocalcemia definition
Calcium deficit in ECF
30
Hypocalcemia causes
Inadequate calcium intake, impaired calcium absorption, excessive calcium loss
31
Hypocalcemia signs
Numbness and tingling of fingers, mouth or feet Tetany Muscle cramps Seizures
32
Hypercalcemia definition
Excess of calcium in ECF
33
hypercalcemia causes
Cancer | Hyperparathyroidism
34
Signs of hypercalcemia
Nausea, vomiting, constipation, bone pain, excessive urination, thirst, confusion, lethargy, slurred speech Severe= cardiac arrest
35
Magnesium Normal levels
1.3-2.3 meq/L
36
Hypomagnesemia definition
Magnesium deficit in ECF
37
Hypomagnesemia causes
NG suctioning, diarrhea, withdrawal from alcohol, administration of tube feedings or parenteral nutrition, sepsis, burns
38
Hypomagnesemia signs
Muscle weakness, tremors, tetany, hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, respiratory paralysis
39
Hypermagnesemia definition
Magnesium excess in ECF
40
causes of Hypermagnesemia
Renal failure, excessive magnesium intake
41
Signs of Hypermagnesemia
Nausea, vomiting, weakness, flushing, lethargy, loss of DTRs, respiratory depression, coma, cardiac arrest
42
Phosphorus | Normal levels
2.5-4.5 mg/dL
43
Hypophosphatemia
Below normal concentration of phosphorus in ECF
44
causes of Hypophosphatemia
Deficiency, administration of calories to malnourished patients, alcohol withdrawal, diabtic ketoacidosis, hyperventilation, insulin release, absorption problems, diuretic use
45
signs of Hypophosphatemia
Weakness, irritability, fatigue, paresthesias, confusion, seizures, coma
46
Hyperphosphatemia definition
Above normal concentration of phosphorus in ECF
47
causes of Hyperphosphatemia
Imparied kidney excretion | Hypoparathyroidism
48
Signs of Hyperphosphatemia
Tetany, anorexia, nausea, muscle weakness, tachycardia
49
Chloride | Normal levels
97-107 meq/L
50
Hypochloremia
below normal levels of chloride
51
Hypochloremia causes
Severe vomiting, diarrhea, drainage of gastric fluid, metabolic alkalosis, diuretic therapy, burns
52
Hypochloremia signs
Hyperexcitability of muscles, tetany, hyperactive DTRs, weakness, muscle cramps
53
Hyperchloremia definition
Above-normal level of chloride in ECF
54
causes of Hyperchloremia
Metabolic acidosis, head trauma, increased perspiration, excess adrenocortical hormone production, decreased glomerular filtration
55
signs of Hyperchloremia
Tachypnea, weakness, lethargy, diminished cognitive ability, hypertension, decreased cardiac output, dysrhythmias, coma
56
Metabolic acidosis | Definition
Proportionate deficit of bicarbonate ECF
57
Metabolic acidosis causes
Increase in acid components | Excessive loss bicarbonate
58
Metabolic acidosis results
Increase in rate and depth respirations to excrete CO2 Kidneys retain bicarbonate and excrete H+ Low pH
59
Metabolic alkalosis definition
Excess of HCO3 or decrease in H+ ions in ECF
60
Metabolic alkalosis causes
Excessive acid loss | Increased base ingestion or retention
61
Metabolic alkalosis results
``` Retain CO2 Respirations slow and shallow Periods of no breathing Kidneys Excrete excess H2O and Na+ ions with excess bicarbonate ions Retain H+ ```
62
Respiratory acidosis definition
Excess of carbonic acid in ECF
63
Respiratory acidosis causes
Inadequate excretion of CO2 with inadequate ventilation Elevated CO2 levels Increased carbonic acid levels
64
Respiratory acidosis results
Increased respiratory rate Kidneys eliminate H+ ions Conserve bicarbonate and sodium ions
65
Respiratory alkalosis definition
Deficit of carbonic acid in the ECF
66
causes of respiratory alkalosis
Alveolar hyperventilation Faster and deeper breathing Loss of CO2 Decrease carbonic acid levels in plasma, increase pH
67
results of respiratory alkalosis
Breathe slower and less deep | Kidneys alleviate imbalance by increasing bicarbonate excretion and retaining more H+ ions

Nursing 330 (3 decks)

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