exam 2: acid-base

Question 1

What happens when there is an acid-base balance?

Answer 1

changes in H+ concentration

Question 2

How do you measure acid-base balance?

Answer 2

in blood via pH

Question 3

what happens when blood is acidic?

Answer 3

increase in H+ concentration
increase in CO2
decrease in HCO3-
ph < 7.35

Question 4

What are clinical manifestations of acidosis?

Answer 4

CNS:
lethargy, confusion, CNS depression leading to coma
RESP:
deep, rapid kussmaul respiration

Question 5

what happens when blood is alkaline?

Answer 5

decrease in H+ concentration
decrease in CO2
increase in HCO3-
pH > 7.45

Question 6

what are clinical manifestations of alkaline?

Answer 6

CNS:
nervousness, hyperactive reflexes, convulsions
RESP:
slow, shallow respirations
cardiac dysrhythmias

Question 7

How does the lungs help with regulating blood pH

Answer 7

by rapidly exhaling CO2

Question 8

how does the kidneys help with regulating blood pH

Answer 8

promotes reabsorption of HCO3- by expelling reserves when body is too acidic

Question 9

normal lab values for pH

Answer 9

7.35-7.45

Question 10

normal lab values for PaCO2

Answer 10

35-45

Question 11

normal lab values for HCO3-

Answer 11

21-28

Question 12

normal lab values for PaO2

Answer 12

80-100

Question 13

normal lab values for SaO2

Answer 13

95-100%

Question 14

What is allen test?

Answer 14

to check for adequate arterial perfusion by drawing arterial blood

Question 15

what are volatile body acids

Answer 15

can be eliminated as CO2 gas or H2CO3

Question 16

what are nonvolatile body acids

Answer 16

can only be eliminated by the kidneys
- lactic, sulfuric, phosphoric

Question 17

what happens when someone is in metabolic acidosis

Answer 17

low pH
normal or low HCO3-

Question 18

what causes metabolic acidosis?

Answer 18

DKA, starvation, lactic acidosis-shock, hypoxemia,
severe diarrhea, renal failure

Question 19

what are symptoms of metabolic acidosis?

Answer 19

headache, lethargy, kussmaul respirations, n/v, confusion, coma

Question 20

what happens when someone is in metabolic alkalosis

Answer 20

high pH
high HCO3-

Question 21

what causes metabolic alkalosis?

Answer 21

vomiting, gastric suction (HCl- loss)
diuretics (K/NA loss)
antacids
hyperaldosteronism

Question 22

what are symptoms of metabolic alkalosis?

Answer 22

weakness, muscle cramps, hyperactive reflexes, tetany, confusion, slow and shallow respirations, nausea, seizures

Question 23

what happens when someone is in respiratory acidosis?

Answer 23

low pH
high PaCO2

Question 24

what causes respiratory acidosis?

Answer 24

hypoventilation (no adequate perfusion), respiratory depression (narcotics, head injury), respiratory muscle weakness, asthma, COPD, pneumonia, pulmonary edema, drowing

Question 25

what are the symptoms of respiratory acidosis

Answer 25

bradycardia, hypotension, agitation, confusion, combativeness

Question 26

what happens when someone is in respiratory alkalosis

Answer 26

high pH low PaCO2

Question 27

what causes respiratory alkalosis?

Answer 27

hyperventilation, hypermetabolic states, anxiety, fever, pain, pneumothorax

Question 28

what are symptoms of respiratory alkalosis?

Answer 28

tachycardia, anxiety, confusion, diaphoresis, dizziness, coma

Question 29

how does the body maintain normal pH through respiratory acid-base control

Answer 29

lungs during exhalation

Question 30

how does the body maintain normal pH through renal acid-base control

Answer 30

exchange of H+ for Na+ in tubules (excrete in urine)

Question 31

what is a buffer

Answer 31

chemical that can bind excessive H+ or OH- without a significant change in pH

Question 32

what are the two primary buffers of the body

Answer 32

HCO3- and phosphate ions

Question 33

what is a bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffering

Answer 33

- recycles bicarbonate by reabsorbing in kidney if there is good reserve - create new bicarbonate if need more than reserve by using CO2 + H2) releasing the new bicarbonate into plasma to neutralize pH

Question 34

what is a protein buffering

Answer 34

intracellular/plasma - has negative charges and serves as a buffer for H+ -renal buffering (kidney): phosphate buffer and ammonia buffer (renal tubules)

Question 35

what happens when gas is being transported?

Answer 35

delivery of O2 to the cells of the body removal of CO2

Question 36

what are the steps in O2 gas transportation

Answer 36

-ventilation of lungs -diffusion of O2 from alveoli into capillary blood -perfusion of systemic capillaries with oxygenated blood -diffusion of O2 from systemic capillaries into the cells

Question 37

what are the steps in transporting CO2 gas?

Answer 37

(reverse) -diffusion of CO2 from cells into capillaries -perfusion of pulmonary capillary bed by venous blood -diffusion of CO2 into the alveoli -removal of CO2 from lungs by ventilation