Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Bio 205 > Exam 2 Anatomy Of Prokaryotic And Eukaryotic Cells > Flashcards

Exam 2 Anatomy Of Prokaryotic And Eukaryotic Cells Flashcards

(75 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Dna of prokaryotic cells
Shape
Not enclosed by what?
Cell walls almost always made of what

A

Dna is circular with one chromosome
Not enclosed by a nuclear membrane
Cell walls almost always made of peptidoglycan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Prokaryotic cell division

A

binary fission

Similar to mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Bacterial cell-shaped coccus

A

Spheres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Diplo cocci
Streptococci
tetrad
sarcinae
Staphylococci

A

Two spheres
Chain of spheres
Four spheres in a row
Eight spheres and a cube
Cluster of spheres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Bacillus

A

Rod shaped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Diplobacilli
Streptobacilli
Coccobacilli

A

Two rods
Chain of rods
Combination of a rod and a sphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Example of coccobacilli

A

Coynebacterium xerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Spiral

A

Corkscrew shaped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Vibrios
Spirilla
Spirochetes

A

Curved rod
Corkscrew
Flexible. Helix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Monomorphic

A

Most bacteria are this one shape for its lifetime

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Pleomorphic

A

Bacteria that can change shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Glycocalyx
Prevents this by being sticky
If firmly attached called this
If loosely attached called this

A

Found on the external surface of the organism

Sticky gel prevents dehydration

Firmly attached. Called capsule increases the virulency of the bacteria

Loosely attached called slime layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Extracellular polymeric substance or EPS?

A

The glycocalyx of biofilms
Attaches organisms to their environment

Allows cells to communicate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Biofilms definition

A

Groups of organisms in close proximity with a covering over them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Flagella function and structure

A

Long filaments that propel organisms

Helical meaning they rotate like a propeller

Allows motility the ability to move on its own

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Flagellar arrangement atrichous

A

No. Flagella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Flagellar arrangements pritrichous

A

Flagella around the entire cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Flagella arrangement monotrichous

A

One flagella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Flagella arrangement amphitrichous

A

Flagella at each end of the bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Flagella arrangement lophotrichous

A

Tuft or cluster of flagella at one end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Basal bodies what do they do

amount that gram-negative and gram-positive have

A

Anchors the filament and the hook to the cell wall

gram-negative have two pair

Gram-positive have one pair

Similar to washers or bolts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Motility types of bacteria
Run tumble and swarm

A

Movement

Run is to move in a straight line

Tumble change in direction reverse the rotation of the flagella from a run

Swarm group of organisms, travel or move is one unit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Example of bacteria type that swarms

A

Proteus sp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Taxis to include chemotaxis and phototaxis

A

Movement to or from a stimulus

Chemotaxis moving to or from chemicals?

Phototaxis moving to or from light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Axial filaments or endophagella Structure, what type of bacteria are they commonly found ON, and function Examples of bacteria with them
Fibers that spiral around the organism Common and spirochetes such as treponema pallidum causes syphilis Borrelia burgdorfi causes Lyme disease Allows the bacteria to spiral like a corkscrew through body fluids
26
Fimbriae location Used for what Made of protein called what Examples
Made of protein called pilin Used for attachment, not movement Located at the poles of the bacteria or over the entire organism Neisseria gonorrhaea attaches to mucous membranes E. Coli attaches to digestive lining
27
Pili or pilus amount
One or two per cell
28
Conjugation pili
Allows for the transfer of DNA from one bacteria cell to another One cell sends a copy to another Can code for resistance or toxin production?
29
Twitching motility
Short jerky movements that occur during the exchange of DNA
30
Cell wall functions What does it do for shape protection pressure attachment? Why is it usually targeted and by what?
Maintain cell shape Protects cell membrane and interior cell from the outside environment Protects cell from pressures Point of attachment for flagella Usually targeted by antibodies
31
Composition of cell wall that forms the lattice shape
Made of macromolecule called peptidoglycan which forms a lattice shape
32
Gram-Positive cell wall composition What is the space between the cell wall and cell membrane called?
Wall is made of several layers of peptidoglycin Periplasmic also called periplasmic tongue The space between the cell wall and the cell membrane
33
Gram-Negative cell wall Few layers of this make it what What is a space between the cell membrane and the cell wall called and what is it filled with?
Few layers of peptidoglycan makes gram-negative susceptible Periplasmic space is filled with a gel called periplasm
34
Outer membrane of gram-negative cell composition Three things Gram negative charge allows evasion of what Protects itself from what?
Made of liposaccharides, lipoproteins and phospholipids Gram-negative charge allows evasion of a host immune system Protection from metals, antibiotics, lysozyme, and detergents
35
Gram-Negative cell wall porins
Proteins in the membrane Form channels Allow useful substances to enter the cell
36
Gram-Negative liposaccharide or LPS layer contains what lipid and what antigen and why
Contains lipid a (an endotoxin) Released when the cell dies Has o antigen to stimulate the host immune system
37
Gram variable definition, why it happens, and examples of bacteria it happens to
Occurs when gram positive appears is gram-negative Happens as culture's age Cell walls weaken And CVI leaks out Commonly occurs in bacillus, SP Clostridium SP Mycobacterium SP
38
Atypical cell wall Name of bacteria Mistaken for what? Cell membrane contains what acid? Cell membrane prevents what from occurring
Mycoplasm SP Smallest known bacteria Often mistaken as a virus Lack a cell wall but has a very strong cell membrane that contains mycotic acid which prevents gram staining
39
Danger of bacteria without cell walls
They are in danger of osmotic changes
40
Why do we choose to damage bacterial cell wall? What do we use to attack it commonly?
It won't harm human cells as we don't have them Common attack of chemicals
41
Lysozyme Where is it found and what are its properties? What type of bacteria is it most effective on?
Common enzyme found in tears and saliva is antimicrobial Most effective on gram positive because it destroys the lattice work of peptidoglycan
42
Protoplast What does it lack What is it? What is one form of it?
Gram-Positive bacteria that lacks a cell wall Cell membrane remains intact L-form can swell to unusual sizes and are metabolically active
43
Spheroplast What type of bacteria is it? What enzyme has minimal effect on it because what protects it?
Gram-negative bacteria Lysozyme has minimal effect because the LPS layer protects them Part of cell wall remains intact
44
Are protoplasts and spheroplasts susceptible to osmotic lysis
Yes they both are
45
Cell membrane composition
Made of phospholipids and proteins Phospholipids are in a bilayer Proteins are integral and peripheral
46
Glycolipids and glycoproteins in cell membrane
Extend from the cell wall Allow communication between the cells Determine self versus non-self
47
Cell membrane permeability Side of what kind of production?
Is selectively permeable Controls what enters and exits Site of ATP production
48
Microtubules form what?
Form cilia and flagella
49
Intermediate filaments what do they do?
Anchor organelles in place
50
Cytoplasm What does it have that's similar to human cells?
All substances inside the cell membrane Have a cytoskeleton similar to human cells
51
Nucleoid
Region of bacterial cytoplasm where the single chromosome is located
52
Shape of chromosome in bacteria
Double helix and circular
53
Is nuclear envelope present in bacteria
No
54
Reason for pre-synthesizing DNA
Future cell divisions
55
Plasmid DNA
Extra chromosomal DNA Not essential to life May cause dangerous traits such as resistance to antibiotics and the house, immune system or genes for toxin production
56
Ribosomes amount and purpose
Tens of thousands in a single bacterial cell Site of protein synthesis
57
Ribosome difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells The ribosomes are targets for what? Because they are different Examples of antibiotics that Target these ribosomes
Smaller than eukaryotic so can become targets for antibiotics Examples erythromycin Chloramphenicol
58
Type of inclusion called metachromatic granules Store what? Used to make what Stain what?
Store in organic phosphates Used to make ATP Stain red with methylene blue
59
Inclusion called polysaccharide Store what two things Iodine does what to which parts?
Stores glycogen and starch Glycogen turns red and starch turns black when stained with iodine
60
Inclusion called lipids Store what? Examples All are what shape?
Stores lipids Found in mycobacterium leprea And mycobacterium TB corynebacterium All are spirilla
61
Inclusion called sulfur granules Are only found in bacteria that do this
Found only in bacteria that use sulfur metabolically as an energy source
62
Inclusion called carboxysomes Contain the enzymes needed by bacteria for what fixation? Have the ability to use this directly from the atmosphere Found on what? And helps fix what?
Contains the enzymes needed by bacteria that are capable of nitrogen fixation The ability of organisms to use nitrogen directly from the atmosphere Found on the roots of legumes and helps fix the soil
63
Inclusions called gas vacuoles Found in these type of organisms Used for this by them
Found in aquatic organisms used for buoyancy
64
Inclusions called magnetosomes Stores what? Use what it stores to move, how? Protects the cell from this danger, how?
Stores iron oxide Works as a magnet to move down to an appropriate level in mud or water Protects to cell from dangerous hydrogen peroxide
65
Formation of endospores called what?
Sporulation or sporogenesis?
66
endospores They are a form of this but not a method of that Only found in what type of microorganism How will they survive the most extreme environments
A form of survival, not a normal method of reproduction Only found in bacteria Will be dehydrated have thick wall around them and can survive the most extreme environments
67
Oldest endospores
7,500-year-old endospore found in the frozen mud 40 million-year-old endospore found in the gut of a bee that was trapped in Amber in the Dominican Republic
68
sporogenesis Formation of what What makes it begin?
Formation of endospores and begins when bacterial cell is deprived of a key nutrient
69
Stage 1 of sporogenesis
A Spore septum walls off a newly duplicated chromosome and a small amount of cytoplasm
70
Stage 2 of sporogenesis
A Forespore forms when the septum becomes double layered and surrounds the material
71
Stage 3 of sporogenesis
Thick layers of peptidoglycan are laid down between the two layers
72
Stage 4 of sporogenesis
The spore coat is a thick protein layer put down on the outside of the endospore
73
Qualities of endospores They do not carry out what type of reactions and can remain this type of way forever
They do not carry out metabolic reactions and can remain dormant indefinitely
74
Germination is the process by which spores do what? Is triggered by what? After the trigger occurs enzymes in a Spore do what to its surrounding layers
Process by which spores return to its vegetative state Triggered by physical or chemical damage to the Spore coat Often heat Enzymes in a spore break down the surrounding layers, allowing water to enter and metabolism begins
75
Protein that makes up Flagella and how it attaches
Protein called flagelin Attaches with a hook found in the cell wall Hook found in the cell wall attaches to filament of the flagella holding in place

Bio 205 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions