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Exam 2 > Exam 2 bio 310 > Flashcards

Exam 2 bio 310 Flashcards

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1
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Capturing sunlight energy to build glucose from CO2 and H2O.
sunlight energy—->stored chemical energy

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2
Q

Photosynthesis equation

A

CO2+H2O+SUNLIGHT—->PIGMENTS
(REACTANTS)

PIGMENTS—->GLUCOSE+O2
(PRODUCTS)

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3
Q

Two steps of photosynthesis

A
  1. Light dependent reactions
    2.light independent reactions (Calvin cycle)
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4
Q

Energy that all cells use

A

ATP

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5
Q

DNA

A

code for all of life’s activities

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6
Q

proteins

A

string of amino acids

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7
Q

3 kinds of proteins

A
  1. structural protein
    2.transport proteins
    3.enzymes-help to build up/break down macromolecules
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8
Q

Gene expression

A

Building a specific protein from a specific gene.

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9
Q

transcription

A

copy a small part of DNA and create messenger RNA (mRNA)

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10
Q

translation

A

ribosome uses mRNA to build a string of Amino acids

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11
Q

monomer is…

A

nucleotide

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12
Q

DNA and RNA is 3 parts

A

sugar+phosphate+nitrogen base

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13
Q

3 kinds of RNA

A

Messenger RNA-nucleus to cytoplasm
Ribosomal RNA-builds proteins
Transfer RNA-in cytoplasm

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14
Q

Codon

A

3 letter code on mRNA

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15
Q

cookbook:
amino acid?
gene?
gene expression?
protein?
DNA?
mRNA?
tRNA?
rRNA?

A

amino acids-ingredients
gene-recipe
gene expression-making the recipe
protein-dish
DNA- entire cookbook
mRNA- copy of a single recipe
tRNA- assistant chef for each ingredient
rRNA-Head chef

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16
Q

Anticodon

A

3 letter code on tRNA

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17
Q

Transcription

A

DNA turns into mRNA. Uses a gene to build a piece of mRNA in nucleus

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18
Q

steps of transcription

A

1.opens small section of DNA double helix
2.initiation
3.elongation-adds matching base pairs to DNA
4.Termination-RNA enzyme reaches stop codon

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19
Q

Translation

A

mRNA turns into protein

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20
Q

steps of translation

A

1.reads 1st three nitrogen bases on mRNA
2.Ribosome grabs a tRNA with a matching anticodon and amino acid
3.reads next codon
4.grabs a 2nd tRNA to match second codon
5. ribosome bonds adjacent amino acids
6. repeat this process until it reaches stop codon.

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21
Q

DNA code is ..

A

redundant

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22
Q

DNA code is not ..

A

ambiguous

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23
Q

How can a cell control which genes are expressed?

A

Gene regulation. ex: skin cell proteins vs pancreas cell proteins

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24
Q

gene regulation steps

A
  1. condense or open up DNA
    2.Transcription initiation (enhancers and repressors)
  2. mRNA degradation
  3. protein processing and degradation
    5.RNA processing
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25
DNA mutations
mistake in DNA code
26
DNA is a universal code
ex: tobacco plant expressing a firefly gene and a pig expressing a jellyfish gene
27
Genetics
The study of genes, inheritance and variation
28
gene
section of DNA that codes for a particular protein
29
chromosome
coiled piece of DNA
30
how many chromosomes in a human?
46 or 23 pairs
31
Genome
all of the DNA for a species
32
human genome
mapped in 2003 we have 25,000 genes
33
genotype
genetic code of a specific individual
34
phenotype
the physical and behavioral traits of organism ex:eye color ex: weight
35
gene expression
when a specific gene is actually transcribed and translated into a protein or when it is "on"
36
nature vs. nurture debate
how much of our behavior is due to genetics and how much is due to our environment.
37
epigenetics
a system of controls for which genes are expressed in each cell
38
allele
a particular version of a gene
39
carrier
individual who is heterozygous with a recessive allele
40
pedigree
shows genetics through multiple generations
41
non-mendelian genetics
codominant alleles and incomplete dominance
42
dominance
if heterozygous phenotype is based on dominant allele
43
codominance
if heterozygous both alleles are expressed
44
incomplete dominance
if heterozygous individuals have an intermediate phenotype between the dominant and recessive phenotypes
45
polygenic traits
phenotypes that are due to the interaction of several genes
46
genetic diversity
all the possible allele combinations in a species
47
the cell cycle
the life cycle of the cell
48
mitosis
split up copy DNA between two new cells
49
cytokinesis
when a single cell physically splits into two cells
50
cell replacement rates
skin cells-every two weeks red blood cells-every 4 months stomach lining cells-every two days nerve cells-never
51
DNA replication
DNA makes a complete copy of itself and this occurs during s step of interphase
52
DNA nitrogen bases
adenine, guanine, thymine and cytosine
53
DNA replication steps
step one-Start (helicase attaches to double helix) step 2- unzipping (helicase breaks the nitrogen base bonds) step 3- base pairing (DNA enzymes adds new nucleotides using base pairing rules) step 4-End ( enzymes continue for the entire length of the piece of DNA)
54
mitosis and cytokinesis step by step
the process of taking one cell and creating two genetically identical cells
55
mitosis
asexual reproduction
56
chromosome
tightly coiled piece of DNA
57
cellular reproduction steps for mitosis
step 1: prophase/prometaphase( chromosomes align at the metaphase plate) step 2: metaphase (daughter chromosomes separate) step 3: Anaphase (daughter cells form) step 4:telophase (daughter nuclei are genetically identical to parent cell)
58
meiosis
specialized type of cellular reproduction to produce gametes for sexual reproduction
59
cellular reproduction steps for meiosis
prophase 1-synopsis and crossing over occurs metaphase Homologous align independently anaphase 1-homologues separate telophase 1-daughter cells form prophase 2-telophase 2-- daughter chromosomes separate and daughter nuclei are not genetically identical to parent cell
60
what is cancer
unrestricted cellular or constant mitosis reproduction
61
haploid
a cell that has half the normal amount of DNA
62
diploid
a cell that has the normal amount of DNA
63
what is biotechnology
manipulation of living organisms or their products for our benefit
64
examples of biotechnology
domestication of pigs horses or cows. development of agricultural crops
65
Omics
systems biology at the molecular/cellular level
66
bioinformatics
using computers and automation to speed analysis of large volumes of biological data. ex: fast computers, robots or automated sequencers
67
genomics
the study of genomes. ex: mouse genome, corn genome or human genome
68
human genome project
13-year project to map out the human genome
69
comparative genomics
compare the similarities and differences in the genetic code of different species
70
what does it take to get a genome
it takes $7,500 and 3 weeks
71
functional genomics
figuring out the purpose of each gene
72
recombinant DNA
DNA that has one or more genes from a different species in it
73
gene chips
quick and cheap way to show what jeans are being expressed in specific cell types.
74
personal genomics
looking at your own individual genome
75
DNA fingerprinting
used to ID criminals, missing persons, paternity, etc
76
transcriptomics
study of mRNA, rRNA, tRNA and all the other non-coding RNA.
77
proteomics
study of all the proteins made by an organism including both structure and function
78
what can the study of proteomics help with
identifying the building blocks of different proteins and identifying their connections
79
gene therapy
identify a disease causing allele then replace or supplement disease causing allele with a healthy version
80
two methods of gene therapy
ex vivo and in vivo
81
genetically modified organisms
organisms with altered DNA
82
what does CRISPR do
it cuts DNA with accuracy
83
why would we need gene drive safety measures
so you can eliminate diseases carried by a species
84
biomimicry
this is the design of biotechnology by mimicking nature. ex: creating structures mimicking ecosystems

Exam 2 (1 decks)

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