exam 2 - bolded material

Question 1

some ethanol is metabolized by…

Answer 1

stomach cells

Question 2

majority of ethanol is metabolized by..

Answer 2

the liver

Question 3

when alcohol is combined with tobacco the risk for … increases

Answer 3

oral and esophageal cancer

Question 4

fetal alcohol syndrome causes..

Answer 4

physical deformities and mental retardation

Question 5

preformed=

Answer 5

active form of vitamin A

Question 6

preformed vitamin A is found in…

Answer 6

retinoids; animal products

Question 7

proformed=

Answer 7

body has to convert to active form of vitamin A

Question 8

proformed vitamin A is found in…

Answer 8

carotenoids; plant products

Question 9

intestinal cells convert…

Answer 9

carotenoids to retinoids

Question 10

retinol is needed for..

Answer 10

reproduction

Question 11

retinoic acid is needed for..

Answer 11

cell growth and maturation

Question 12

retinal is needed for ..

Answer 12

night and color vision

Question 13

cones in the retina are responsible for…

Answer 13

vision on bright lights; turns objects into color

Question 14

rods in the retina are responsible for…

Answer 14

vision in dim lights; turns objects into black and white

Question 15

epithelial cells line…

Answer 15

the outside (skins) and external passages (mucus forming cells)

Question 16

xerophtalmia is…

Answer 16

a major cause of blindness

Question 17

follicular hyperkeratosis is ..

Answer 17

skin disorder

Question 18

what happens during follicular hyperkeratosis

Answer 18

keratinized cells replace normal epithelial cells

Question 19

acute toxicity of vitamin A is …

Answer 19

ingestion of large doses over a long period of time

Question 20

symptoms of acute toxicity of vitamin A are…

Answer 20

intestinal upset, blurred vision, headache, muscular incoordination

Question 21

chronic toxicity of vitamin A is …

Answer 21

large intake of vitamin A over long period of time

Question 22

symptoms of chronic toxicity of vitamin A are…

Answer 22

bone/muscle pain, increased liver size, vomiting

Question 23

teratogenic toxicity of vitamin A …

Answer 23

produces physical defect on developing fetus; spontaneous abortion, birth defects

Question 24

hypocarotenemia is…

Answer 24

excessive consumption of carrots/squash and beta-carotene supplements; leaves skins yellow-orange color

Question 25

vitamin D is activated by...

Answer 25

enzymes in the liver and kidneys

Question 26

rickets is the result of..

Answer 26

low vitamin D in children

Question 27

rickets can cause...

Answer 27

soft bones and deformed pelvis

Question 28

osteomalacia=

Answer 28

rickets (soft bones) in adults; poor calcification of newly synthesized bone

Question 29

osteomalacia can cause..

Answer 29

fractures

Question 30

osteomalacia is most likely in..

Answer 30

adults with liver/kidney disease, intestinal disease, or limited sun exposure

Question 31

kidney/liver disease = risk for...

Answer 31

vitamin D deficiency

Question 32

tocopherols and tocotrienols =

Answer 32

vitamin E

Question 33

vitamin E is stored in ..

Answer 33

adipose tissue, muscle, and liver

Question 34

vitamin E is found in ...

Answer 34

cell membranes

Question 35

vitamin E is able to donate electron to...

Answer 35

oxidizing agent

Question 36

redox agent within vitamin E...

Answer 36

protects the cell from free radicals

Question 37

diversity your antioxidant intake with...

Answer 37

a balanced and varied diet

Question 38

who is at risk for vitamin E deficiency

Answer 38

premature infants - limited stores

Question 39

menaquinones are synthesized by...

Answer 39

bacteria in the colon and are about 10% absorbed

Question 40

vitamin K forms..

Answer 40

osteocalcin - secreted by bone building cells

Question 41

most get vitamin K through ..

Answer 41

diet

Question 42

enriched grains are still low in...

Answer 42

vitamin B-6, magnesium, fiber, phytochemicals, and zinc

Question 43

thiamin functions for ...

Answer 43

energy metabolism; metabolism of carbohydrates and some amino acids

Question 44

thiamin is required for normal function of...

Answer 44

the nervous system

Question 45

food sources of thiamin =

Answer 45

enriched grains and whole grains

Question 46

beriberi=

Answer 46

deficiency of thiamin

Question 47

symptoms of beriberi=

Answer 47

weakness, nerve degeneration, irritability, poor leg/arm coordination

Question 48

riboflavin is critical for ..

Answer 48

energy metabolism

Question 49

food sources of riboflavin =

Answer 49

dairy and enriched grains

Question 50

deficiency of riboflavin =

Answer 50

ariboflavinosis

Question 51

niacin functions for ..

Answer 51

energy metabolism; involved in over 200 metabolic reactions

Question 52

niacin can be synthesized from ...

Answer 52

essential amino acid - tryptophan

Question 53

tryptophan can be found in ...

Answer 53

enriched grains, poultry, meat, and fish

Question 54

avidin inhibits..

Answer 54

absorption of biotin

Question 55

deficiency of vitamin b-6 =

Answer 55

microcytic hypochromic anemia

Question 56

vitamin b-6 supplements can be used to treat

Answer 56

carpal tunnel, PMS, and nausea during pregnancy

Question 57

vitamin b-12 helps in the maintenance of ..

Answer 57

myelin sheaths; insulating layer that forms around nerves and allows for electrical impulses

Question 58

absorption of vitamin b-12 in the stomach =

Answer 58

HCL and pepsin release vitamin b-12 bound to food

Question 59

parietal cells release..

Answer 59

intrinsic factor

Question 60

absorption of vitamin b-12 in the small intestine =

Answer 60

vitamin b-12 links with intrinsic factor

Question 61

intrinsic factor and vitamin b-12 are absorbed in the ..

Answer 61

ileum

Question 62

deficiency of vitamin b-12 =

Answer 62

pernicious anemia; due to decreased absorption ability

Question 63

collagen synthesis=

Answer 63

wound healing - trauma and burn patients

Question 64

deficiency of vitamin c =

Answer 64

scurvy

Question 65

skin is cool as..

Answer 65

perspiration evaporates

Question 66

functions of sodium =

Answer 66

positive ion in extracellular fluid - key for retaining body water

Question 67

current recommendation for sodium =

Answer 67

less than 2300 mg per day

Question 68

those older than 51, african americans, and hypertensive individuals should consume... mg of sodium per day

Answer 68

less than1500 mg

Question 69

deficiency of sodium =

Answer 69

excessive vomiting and perspiration (2-3% of body weight is lost)

Question 70

functions of potassium =

Answer 70

positive ion in intracellular fluid

Question 71

food sources of potassium =

Answer 71

fruits, vegetables, milk, and grains

Question 72

daily value of potassium =

Answer 72

3500 mg per day

Question 73

blood calcium level is maintained at the price of...

Answer 73

bone calcium

Question 74

parathyroid hormone increases...

Answer 74

calcium release from bone

Question 75

calcium is needed for ...

Answer 75

blood clotting; converts prothrombin to thrombin

Question 76

building higher bone mass =

Answer 76

weight bearing activities

Question 77

hypercalcemia =

Answer 77

calcification of tissue

Question 78

high blood pressure increases risk of ...

Answer 78

stroke, cardiovascular disease, and kidney disease

Question 79

hypertension risk factors include...

Answer 79

artherosclerosis, obesity, excessive alcohol, sodium intake, low potassium intake

Question 80

prevention/treatment of hypertension

Answer 80

weight loss if overweight, activity, DASH diet

Question 81

heme iron is found in

Answer 81

animal products and is absorbed better than nonheme iron

Question 82

ferrous iron (+2) is better absorbed than...

Answer 82

ferric iron (+3)

Question 83

ferritin in the intestinal cells are..

Answer 83

iron building protein

Question 84

hemoglobin in red blood cells...

Answer 84

transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

Question 85

myoglobin in muscle cells ...

Answer 85

transport oxygen from red bloods cells to skeletal and heart muscles

Question 86

iron deficiency anemia...

Answer 86

red blood cells appear microcytic and hypochromic

Question 87

iron deficiency anemia is most common in...

Answer 87

athletes, infants, toddlers, vegans, and women of childbearing age

Question 88

iron deficiency symptoms include...

Answer 88

paleness, fatigue, difficulty breathing, poor growth, fast heartbeat, pica

Question 89

hemochromatosis =

Answer 89

recessive genetic disease; ineffective mucosal block that leads to excessive absorption

Question 90

goiter =

Answer 90

enlarged thyroid gland, low iodide intake

Question 91

food sources of iodide=

Answer 91

iodized salt (1/2 tsp.)

Question 92

iodide deficiency =

Answer 92

cretinism - mental retardation