exam 2 - bootyaaayyy Flashcards
(240 cards)
1
Q
areabetterindicatorofhealthriskinsaltandfreshwater and can be used for detecting source contamination since they are very species specific
A
Enterococci
2
Q
best recipe for cooking rabbit
A
definitely an exam question.
3
Q
e.coli sterotype
A
O: 26 K: 60 F: 41 H: 11
4
Q
T/F
animals have shigella
A
FALSE
5
Q
Shigella spp.aretaxonomicallyalso what?
A
Escherichia
6
Q
what are the cell associated virulence factors of e.coli
A
endotoxin
capsule
fimbrial adhesions
non fimbrial adhesions
7
Q
extracellular virulence factors of e.coli
A
enterotoxins
cytotoxins
siderophores
8
Q
what does e.coli cause in pigs
A
diarrhea
UTI
edema
MMA
9
Q
causes watery diarrhea in piglets that are either neonatal, 2-4 weeks old, or weaning
A
ETEC
10
Q
where are the adhesion factor receptors located for ETEC
A
in the small intestine
11
Q
what are the adhesion factors of ETEC
A
F4(K88);F5(K99);F6(987P);F18;F41
12
Q
where are the enterotoxins of ETEC located
A
on the plasmids
13
Q
what is the heat liable enterotoxin of ETEC
A
LT
14
Q
what are the heat stable enterotoxins of ETEC
A
Sta,STb,EAST1
15
Q
an ETEC adhesion factor that is solely in neonatal pigs, and it is only expressed at body temperature
A
F4 (K88)
16
Q
an ETEC adhesion factor that is in both bovines and swine, it is temperature dependent and involved in neonatal diarrheas
A
F5 (K99)
17
Q
ETEC adhesion factor that is extrachromosomal and in neonatal pigs
A
F6(987P)
18
Q
chromosomal ETEC adhesion factor that is rare but commonly found along with F5
A
F41
19
Q
the ETEC adhesion factor that is involved with edema disease
A
F18
20
Q
Non‐fimbrialadhesins of ETEC
A
AIDA‐I(adhesininvolvedindiffuseadherence)
in the small intestine
21
Q
how would you inactive LT enterotoxin
A
Inactivated30minutes60ᵒC
22
Q
T/F
LT has a low molecular weight
A
FALSE – high
**it is also a strong antigen wow
23
Q
LT increases / decreases cAMP
A
INCREASES – it activates the adenylate cyclase
24
Q
describe what happens to the Na+ and Cl‐ andHCO3+ with enterotoxin LT
A
Na absorption goes DOWN
Cl‐ andHCO3+ secretion goes UP
25
heat stable ETEC enterotoxin that causes activation of guanylate cyclase system
STa
**also causes sodium absorption to decrease and cl/hco to increase secretion
26
heat stable ETEC enterotoxin that causes prostaglandin E2 to go up and secretes water and electrolytes
STb
27
Stimulation of 5‐hydrotryptamine secretion is done by what heat stable enterotoxin of ETEC
STb
28
enteroaggregative E. coli heat stable toxin
EAST1 -- closely related to STa
29
T/F
| the ETEC virulence factors have age dependent importance
TRUE
30
Which of these are hemolytic and which are non-hemolytic:
1. neonatal ETEC
2. neonatal til 4 weeks old ETEC
3. weaning diarrhea
only neonatal is non-hemolytic the other two are hemolytic
31
which virulence factor enterotoxins does neonatal ETEC not contain
LT
| EAST1
32
where does ETEC live in pigs
the intestines of healthy sows
33
what is the "equilibrium" of ETEC
Equilibrium between maternal immunity and infection pressure
a break in this = disease :(
34
pathogenesis of ETEC
* Ascending from lower bowel
* Oral uptake
* Small intestine
* colonization
35
my piglet is drinking a lot of water but he has some really smelly poopy and its kinda watery. why
ETEC duh
36
in older pigs, what does the diarrhea of ETEC look like
more white/grey
| less watery
37
how can you diagnose ETEC in piggys
Detection of virulence factors
Agglutination tests
PCR
38
how do you treat piglets with ETEC
Hydration (SC, IP) (PO, electrolyte solution plus glucoses and amino acids)
Antimicrobials (susceptibility profile!)
39
what do you do to prevent the ETEC
keep infection pressure low and maternal immunity high
hygiene !
vax sows - LT
vax piglets - F4
select receptor free pigs
40
if you have a mixed ETEC and VTEC??
edema disease and watery diarrhea
41
edema disease in post weaning piglets
VTEC
42
what is the adhesion factor for VTEC and where is it located
F18
* *in small bowel
* * specific receptor
43
T/F
| if the receptor for F18 of VTEC is missing it will still adhere and stuff will make you sick
no it needs a specific receptor and there will be genetic resistance if it is absent
44
what are the two exotoxins that cause media necrosis in VTEC
VT2e or Stx2e:
45
what age will F18 of VTEC start causing adhesion
10 days and on
46
T/F
| the endotoxin of VTEC will cause acute mortality
TRUE -- and shock
47
how is VTEC transmitted
sow to piglet
also weaning stress will cause a change in the intestinal floral -- piglets will start to excrete it and infection pressure will go up contaminating other piglets
48
hyper acute toxin production of VTEC
called enterorrhagia -- media necrosis
49
toxin production level of VTEC that causes permeability blood vessels oedema (Central Nervous Symptoms & dyspnea)
ACUTE
50
T/F
| slower toxin production of VTEC will cause extravascular coagulation
FALSE -- intravascular coagulation
51
when will you start seeing VTEC symptoms
older than 3 weeks old
| *multiple piglets will be affected
52
clinical signs of VTEC
* Acute mortality (some)
* Diarrhea (some)
* Anorexia
* edema
* Hoarse voice
* Central nervous symptoms (CNS)
* Dyspnea
* Eye lids swollen
53
how to treat animals affected by VTEC
Fasting (elimination of toxin)
• (increase of intestinal peristaltic)
• Antimicrobial therapy
54
how can VTEC be prevented in pigs
lower stress
starter feed before weaning
probiotics to help intestinal flora
select F18 receptor neg animals
55
rare e.coli and causes diarrhea in pigs at weaning
EPEC
56
what gene do you isolate and use in PCR for diagnosis of EPEC
eae (intimin) gene
57
what is involved in the initial attachment for EPEC
BFP - bundle forming pili
58
by approx what age does intestinal e.coli in piglets seem to end
6 weeks
59
Most important pathogen in UTI in pigs (and other mammals)
E COLI
60
symptoms of UTI in pigs
Anorexia
Hematuria
Vaginal exudate
General malaise (sometimes)
61
treatment of UTI in pigs
either culling or about 3 weeks of antibiotics
62
T/F
| MMA and PPDS are both diseases in pigs caused by streptococcus
FALSE -- caused be E COLI
63
what does MMA stand for
Metritis‐mastitis‐agalactiae
64
what does PPDS stand for
Post Partum Dysgalactiae Syndrome
65
other causes of MMA and PPDS besides E.COLI
hereditary
hormonal
feed
66
T/F
| septicemia is normally a primary disease followed by enteric infection
FALSE -- it is rarely primary and it is secondary to enteric infections
**pigs get this one from E.coli too wow
67
E.coli disease in bovine of less than 3 days old (neonates)
ETEC
68
e.coli diseases in bovine of older than a week old
EPEC and EHEC
69
what does ETEC cause in cows
watery diarrhea and dehydration
NEONATES
70
what are the fimbriae virulence factors of ETEC in bovine
Fimbriae
• F5 (most common)
• F41 (freq together with F5)
• F17 (role is not clear)
• CS31A (related to F4 and Freq in relation to diarrhea in older animals
71
what are the toxin virulence factors of ETEC in bovine
Sta and Stb
72
pathogenesis of ETEC in BOVINE
* Oral uptake
* Multiplication
* Enterotoxin production
* (Secondary septicaemiae)
Equilibrium between immunity and infection pressure
**need colostrum!!!
73
how would you diagnose ETEC in bovine
ELISA
| Agglutination and PCR
74
how could you do ETEC therapy treatment for COWS
separate sick animals
hydration
antibiotics
NSAIDS -- for shock
*on milking farms separate calves from mom for hygiene and vax moms and get the colostrum to the baby
75
T/F
| EHEC is zoonotic
TRUE
76
EHEC and EPEC in bovine are mainly where in the body
large intestine
77
EHEC and EPEC affect what age of cows and what does it cause
ages 1-8 weeks old
Mucoid diarrhea +/‐ blood
78
prevention of mastitis by ecoli
hygiene
79
treatment of mastitis by ecoli
systemic antibiotics
80
list the virulence factors of mastitis by ecoli
NONE KNOWN HAHAH
81
what is the other name for septicemia by ecoli in bovines
ExPEC: NTEC
82
NTEC in bovine is a facultative pathogen?
YES
83
virulence factors of NTEC
* Serum resistance
* Iron uptake systems
* Endotoxin
* Capsule
* Adhesion factors (P, F17, AfaE‐VIII, CS31A)
* CNF1, CNF2 toxins
84
prevention of septicemia in bovines
colostrum
85
what do you look for in the serum for diagnosing NTEC in bovine
low gamma globulins
86
T/F
| you can give gamma globulins from older animals to young animals as a therapy method for NTEC septicemia in bovine
TRUE
87
Most important bacterial disease in broilers and layers
APEC
88
most frequent serotypes in birds and poultry
O1, O2, O78
89
how does e.coli disease in poultry and birds appear clinically
Clinical appearances:
• Neonatal colibacillosis (septicaemia)
• Respiratory colibacillosis & septicaemiae
• Peritonitis (layers)
• Scabby hip/necrotic dermatitis (broilers)
90
what do the old backyard chickens get from e.coli disease
Coli granuloma
91
in e.coli disease in birds, Otitis media is part of what?
swollen head syndrome
92
how do birds get neonatal colibacillosis
egg shell contamination
neonatal contamination
manipulation of the chicks
** all lead to yolk rest infection - omphalitis --
causes sepsis and death or growth retardation
93
how do birds get Respiratory colibacillosis
it is excreted in the feces and inhaled or there is damaged epithelium in the respiratory tract
94
T/F
| Peritonitis is commonly seen in turkeys
FALSE -- layer chickens
95
an endogenic infection that layers get at the start of a lay and it can be a chronic form in older birds
peritonitis
96
omphalitis
yolk rest infection
97
T/F
| it is really easy to treat e.coli in birds
FALSE
98
what are some preventative methods for e.coli in poultry and birds
hygiene
low stress
vaccines
temp control
99
which type of birds commonly get scabby hip/necrotic dermatitis
BROILERS
100
when do you find the necrotic dermatitis on the broilers
at slaughter
101
what are the O stereotypes of necrotic dermatitis in broilers
E. coli O78, O2
102
how would you prevent broilers from getting the Ecoli APEC -- necrotic dermatitis
lower the density of birds
103
E.coli disease in rabbits
RPEC
104
T/F
| E.coli in Rabbits is eae negative
FALSE -- eae positive (EPEC)
105
T/F
| Salmonella cant survive in the environment
FALSE -- it is quite resistant especially when in feces or a dry environment
106
T/F
| salmonella is an obligate symbiont and also a facultative intracellular pathogen
TRUE
107
these are the main two strains of salmonella in bovine
S. Typhimurium and S. Dublin
108
might cause abortion and subclinical mastitis in adult cattle along with some diarrhea
Salmonella Dublin
109
how would you diagnose salmonella on a living cow
* Fecal material
* Milk (in case of subclinical mastitis)
* Respiratory: BAL
* Arthritis: puncture
* Abortion: fetus, placenta, vagina
110
Salmonella in pigs, name of the Typhoid one
S. Choleraesuis
111
T/F
| Salmonella in psittaciformes is very rare
TRUE
112
salmonella passeriformes: S. Typhimurium
| this is found where?
in birdhouses
| ** because of stress/ overcrowding/ inappropriate feeding and cold or humidity
113
salmonella passeriformes symptoms?
Symptoms: DD. rodentiosis (Yersinia pseudotuberculosis)
• Apathic, feed and water intake
• Chronic
• Diarrhea (most of the time)
114
this is a reportable salmonella disease in poultry
S. Pullorum/Gallinarum
115
also called fowl typhoid
S. Gallinarum
116
what is the zoonotic species of salmonella you might get if you eat a bad egg
S. Enteriditis
117
what is klebsiella susceptible to?
Susceptible to amoxy+clav
118
T/F
| Klebsiella is easy to treat
FALSE -- difficult
119
Fish pathogen of Yersinia
Y. ruckeri
120
what temperature does Yersinia replicate at
Replicates at 4 C
121
omg its the bubonic plague!!! what causes this terrible event in history
Yersinia pestis
122
where the heck did Yersinia pestis come from
fleas of wild rodents man
123
who studied the black plague in london
John Graunt (1620–1674)
124
what makes a disease weaponized
high pathogenicity
ex: Black Death -- Y. Pestitis
125
where are most of the virulence factors of Y. pestitis located
the plasmids
126
list the virulence factors of Y. Pestitis
* Capsule
* Toxins (many different)
* Iron acquisition
127
reservoir of Y. Pestitis
Tolerant rodents
128
sypmtoms of Y. Pestitis in cats
* Fever, depression, sneezing, coughing, CNS disturbances
* Lymphadenitis, tonsillitis, cranial and cervical edema, pneumonia
* Mortality
129
T/F
| Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is zoonotic
TRUE
130
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis virulence factors
* Cell wall: endotoxin
* Adhesins; Adhesion on basolateral ileal epithelial cells and M cells
* Toxins (on plasmids)
* Iron Uptake (on Pathogenicity Islands)
131
Major pathogen in Passeriformes
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
**called “fat liver disease” and “rodentiosis”
132
Differential diagnoses for Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in passeriformes
Salmonella
| Mycobacteria
133
swarming bacterium
proteus
134
T/F
| proteus is an obligate symbiont
FALSE -- facultative symbiont
135
where will you mainly find pseudomonas
waters
136
T/F
| most pseudomonas are saphrophytic
TRUE
137
grows in large colonies that smell like candy
P. aeruginosa
138
T/F
| P. aeruginosa is oxidase positive and lactose negative
TRUE
139
T/F
| P. aeruginosa infects warm blooded animals
FALSE - cold blooded
140
P. aeruginosa causes secondary infections in...
birds and mammals
141
in high humidity environments this could cause fleece rot in sheep
P. aeruginosa
142
what species will get MOIST dermatitis from P. aeruginosa
rabbits **need high use of disinfectant
143
secondary to prolonged antimicrobial treatment and caused by contaminated semen in horses
Metritis-vaginitis
**P. aeruginosa
144
Secondary infection following topical treatment with corticosteroids antibiotic mixtures in horses
keratitis conjuctivitis
**P. aeruginosa
145
secondary to poor housing, P. aeruginosa can cause what in reptiles
Necrotic stomatitis
Pneumonia
septicemia
146
how would a parrot get P. aeruginosa
drinking water -- secondary infection
147
where does P. aeruginosa live in Galliformes
in the oviduct of turkeys
**causes contaminated eggs -- neonatal mortality
148
how do you treat P. aeruginosa infection
TAKE AWAY cause of infection
149
T/F
| with treatment, P. aeruginosa infections heal
FALSE -- most animals will die unless its an ear infection
150
what are some antibiotics you can use to treat P. aeruginosa
Anti-pseudomonas β-lactams
• Fluoroquinolones
• Aminoglycosides
• Ear: local application of polymixin/colistin
151
T/F
| Burkholderia is catalase negative
FALSE -- positive
152
also called glanders
Burkholderia mallei
153
what species does Burkholderia mallei infect
HORSE
154
what species does glanders infect
Horses
155
what biosecurity level is Burkholderia mallei
3
156
T/F
| Burkholderia mallei is a reportable disease
TRUE `
157
what are the virulence factors of Burkholderia mallei
capsule and LSP endotoxin
**non-specific
158
my horse has a fever and a runny nose ??
Burkholderia mallei
159
what is the official test for glanders
CFT in horses -- can have false positives
160
how does an intradermal test work
its a mallein test for Type IV hypersensitivity and the cellular response
161
when should you give the vaccine for Burkholderia mallei
THERE IS NOT VACCINE
162
Endosymbiont of environmental amoeba
Burkholderia pseudomallei
163
also called melioidosis
Burkholderia pseudomallei
164
very important in military dogs
Burkholderia pseudomallei
165
what medium would you culture Burkholderia pseudomallei on
blood agar or McConkey
166
how to grow Francisella
```
it is very fastidious
• Rich media such as Chocolate agar or Thayer-Martin
• Supplementary cysteine
• CO2
• 37 C
• 2 days
```
167
F. tularensis subsp. tularensis is located where
north america
168
F. tularensis subsp. holarctica is located where
Europe
169
F. tularensis subsp. mediasiatica is located where
central Asia
170
Francisella tularensis organs mainly affected
liver
lungs
spleen
171
Francisella tularensis BSL ?
3
172
Taylorella equigenitalis has what kind of environmental resistance
POOR - 2 days max in the fridge
173
equine STD in the repro tract exclusively
Taylorella equigenitalis
174
what 3 samples should you take from a stallion for Taylorella equigenitalis
1. prepuce
2. urethra
3. fossa glandis/sinus urethralis
175
what two samples should you take from a mare for Taylorella equigenitalis
1. fossa clitoridis
| 2. sinus clitoridis
176
Taylorella equigenitalis vaccinations
bacterins reduce severity but do not prevent infection
177
principal cause of human brucellosis
B. melitensis
178
brucella abortus incubation period
1-6 weeks
| there are no symptoms as it spreads because it is an intracellular pathogen inside the macrophages
179
what are 2 virulence factors that B. abortus does not have
capsule
| flagella - genectically deficient
180
do smooth or rough colonies of B. abortus have hight virulence
SMOOTH -- zoonotic
181
why are rough colonies of b. abortus less virulent
Lacking the O-polysaccharide
182
in the cell wall of B. abortus and is Responsible for preferential location
Erythritol
183
when do facultative intracellular bacteria spread
only when antibodies are present
**when cellular immunity is not capable of killing all intracellular bacteria
184
**when cellular immunity is not capable of killing all intracellular bacteria
carrier
185
rapid slide-type agglutination assay, stained B. abortus suspension and plain serum
Rose Bengal Test
186
T/F
| the brucellergen skin test is an OIE recommended test and is widely used in herds
FALSE - not widely used or recommended
187
there is a major interference with B. abortus testing when what is present
Yersinia enterocolitica O9
**B. suis can also give false positives
188
resistant in the environment but does not surive direct sunlight
b. suis
189
reservoir of B. suis
wild boar
190
what biovars are the most pathogenic in pigs for brucella suis
1. reservoir in hares
2. reservoir in hares
3. reservoir in pigs
191
T/F
| swine can be infected with B. abortus, B. melitensis, B. canis but these infections do not result in clinical symptoms
TRUE
192
T/F
| brucella suis has been weaponized
TRUE
193
where is B. melitensis and B. ovis mainly found
Mainly in subtropical and Mediterranean countries (Malta fever)
194
kennel cough in dogs
Bordetella bronchiseptica
195
atrophic rhinitis in pigs
Bordetella bronchiseptica
196
adenylate cyclase toxin
hemolysin
**toxin of Bordetella bronchiseptica
197
toxin that causes skin necrosis upon injection and damages nasal tissue and osteoblasts
Dermonecrotic toxin
198
Toxic for osteoblasts
osteo toxin
199
Purulent bronchiolitis and alveolitis and pneumonia in young pigs
Bordetella bronchiseptica --- Pneumonic bordetellosis
200
Bordetella bronchiseptica + Pasteurella multocida in pigs
progressive atrophic rhinitis
201
what antibiotics should you use for kennel cough.. which should you not?
use tetracyclines
dont use cephalosporins
202
B. bronchiseptica in horses
seldom
| similar to dogs and cats
203
B. bronchiseptica in horses treatment
prevention of dust
3 weeks of rest for full recovery
no inhalation of spores or fungi
204
in sheep that are 5-12 months old and causes septicemia due to stress and changes in feed
Bibersteinia trehalosi
205
The O antigen comes from the
LPS
206
You have a neonatal calves with ETEC (f5, sta,stb). What can you do to reduce it
C section outside and start a vaccine program
207
T/F
| S. Pallorum is zoonotic
FALSE
208
E.Coli 078
poultry respiratory infection
209
What is the treatment for Turkeys with S. enterica spp. Arizonae
eradicate the flock
210
How do you serotype salmonella
O, flagella, and capsule
211
Is Avian salmonella endogenous, exogenous, or both
BOTH
212
Can piglets be carriers for E.Coli
yes
213
Which is the most virulent Francisella Tularensis
Tularensis spp. Tularensis
214
What age of pigs get diarrhea
noenates and weanling
215
what age of bovine get ETEC
less than 3 days
216
Where do sample for contagious equine metritis
Preputium, urethra, fossa glandis, sinus fossa
217
What should you never use with klebsiella
amoxicillin
218
T/F
| pseudomonas are enterobacteriaciae
FALSE
219
What is the problem with proteus in the lab
It is a swarming bacteria and it overgrows samples
220
what causes bacterial bronchopneumonia in a calves
mannheimia hemolytica
221
T/F
| Host adapted/host restricted and non-specific causes zoonoses
TRUE
222
Yersinia is most common in what months
warm ones
223
Which is the primary test for brucella
AB test
224
T/F
| Bordetella causes productive cough
FALSE
225
Why is it hard to kill pseudomonas
biofims
226
Bordetella kennel situation. What do you do
Talk about hygiene , Vaccine program and antibiotics for secondary infections
227
are heat liable or heat stable enterotoxins more antigenic
liable
228
adhesion factor F4 is only associated with what animal
PIG
229
Which of the following adhesion factors is associated with edema disease in swine
F18
230
T/F
| You are likely to see edema disease in a 5 day old piglet
FALSE (3 weeks post weaning)
231
E.coli associated with the “eae” intimin gene in pigs
EPEC
232
factor most likely to be used in an E.coli vaccination
LT
233
A farmer calls you explaining that his one day old calf is having diarrhea. Which pathotype is on the top of your differentials
ETEC
234
Which strain of Salmonella can be found in calves
S. Dublin
235
diagnose progressive atrophic rhinitis
deep nasal swab
236
A bunny presents to your clinic for a head tilt, bronchopneumonia, and sneezing. Which of the following drugs do you use to treat it?
tetracycline
237
virulence factor important in ecoli in puppies
CNF1
238
S. Typhimurium var Copenhagen inactivated vaccine function
this is a salmonella bact of PIGEONS
the inactivated vax will reduce the severity but will not prevent disease
239
T/F
| Klebsiella is common to find in dogs
FALSE - rare
240
why is klebsiella so difficult to treat
high level of acquired resistance
natural resistance to amoxy/ampici
USE: amoxy/calv to treat
