Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Z-Advanced A&P I > Exam 2 - Brain and Spine Anatomy > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Brain and Spine Anatomy Flashcards

(145 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Directional Nomenclature

What are superior and inferior?

A
  • Superior - higher in altitude or towards head
  • Inferior - lower in altitude or towards feet
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Directional Nomenclature

What is dorsal and ventral?

A
  • Dorsal (posterior) - back of body (dorsal fin on a shark)
  • Ventral (anterior) - front of the body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Directional Nomenclature

What are medial and lateral?

A
  • Medial - towards midline
  • Lateral - away from midline
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Directional Nomenclature

What are rostral and caudal?

A
  • Rostral - up and to the front (beak)
  • Caudal - down and to the rear (tail)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Directional Nomenclature

What is distal and proximal?

A
  • Distal - further from CNS
  • Proximal - closer to the CNS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Directional Nomenclature

What is superficial and deep?

A
  • Superficial - towards skin
  • Deep - away from skin, towards tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Directional Nomenclature

What is the sagittal plane?

A

Seperates the left and right sides of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Directional Nomenclature

What is the coronal plane?

A

Seperates the anterior and posterior parts of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Directional Nomenclature

What is the horizontal plane?

A

Seperates superior and inferior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Directional Nomenclature

What is the oblique plane?

A

Any plane this is at an odd angle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What region is indicated by 1 on the figure below?

A

The Telencephalon

Consists of cerebral cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What region is indicated by the 2 in the figure below?

A

The Diencephalon

Thalamus and hypothamalus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

Relay center, sends communication signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

Osmoreceptors, temperature sensors, infection sensors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What region is indicated by the 6 on the figure below?

A

The midbrain (mesencephalon)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the components of the brain stem?

A
  • Midbrain (mesencephalon)
  • Pons
  • Medulla oblongata
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a groove and deep groove called in the brain?

A

Sulcus and fissure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a gyrus?

A

A lump of tissue that is seperated by sulcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What structure is denoted by 2 on the image?

A

Central Sulcus

Seperates frontal and parietal lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What lobe does thinking occur in?

A

Frontal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What lobe does sensation occur in?

A

Parietal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What structure is denoted by 9 in the image below?

A

The Temporolateral Sulcus

Seperates temporal lobe from frontal and parietal lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What structure is denoted by purple line on the image below?

A

The Longitudinal Fissure

Seperates left and right hemispheres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What lobe does vision processing occur in?

A

Occipital lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What lobe does auditory processing happen in?
Temporal lobe
26
What structure is indicated by 6 on the image below?
Diencephalon
27
What structure is indicated by 9 on the image below? What is its function?
Corpus Callosum. The corpus callosum connects the left and right sides of the brain.
28
What region is indicated by 7 on the image below?
Wernicke's area; language comprehension and intelligence.
29
What region is indicated by 9 on the image below? What lobe is this located in? Why is that important?
Broca's area; word formation. Broca's area is in the frontal lobe. Decision making regarding what words to say occurs in the front lobe because you have to “think before you speak”.
30
What structure is denoted by 1 on the picture? What is this areas function?
Precentral Gyrus | Primary motor cortex
31
What structure is denoted by 3 on the image?
Post Central Gyrus | Somatosensory cortex
32
What region is indicated by 8 on the image below?
Limbic Association Area Behavior, emotions, and motivation region
33
What is contained in white matter?
Myelinated neurons and axons (sending and recieving messages)
34
What is contained in grey matter?
Unmyelinated neurons and cell bodies of multipolar neurons (decision makers)
35
What structure of the brain is being indicated by 7 on the image below?
White matter
36
What structure is indicated by 8 on the image below?
The cerebral cortex (aka gray matter) | Blood supply is close to grey matter
37
What structure is indicated by the green box in the figure below? What does this structure do?
* Lamina X (10) * This structure is the “crossover” point of the spinal cord. Similar to the Corpus Callosum of the Brain.
38
What structure is indicated by the pink box in the figure below? What does this structure do?
Anterior White Commissure (This is a crossover for communication between left and right sides of the CNS).
39
What is the structure that seperates the posterior left and right sides of the spinal cord?
Posterior median fissure
40
What is the structure seperates the left and right sides of the anterior spinal cord? Why is it wider than its posterior counterpart?
Anterior median fissure ## Footnote Much wider than posterior median fissure due to presence of anterior spinal artery.
41
What structure is indicated by the blue arrow in the figure below? What does this structure do?
The central canal of the spinal cord. This structure carries CSF through the cord via cilliated cells from the brain to the end of the cord.
42
What are the areas circled below? What is important about this?
Dorsal horns of the spinal cord | Sensory information enters here from posterior rootlets
43
What are the areas circled below? What is important about these?
Ventral horns of spinal cord | Motor function exits here
44
Where does the blood supply to the spinal arteries come from?
Branches of the intercostal arteries
45
What structure is noted by 1 below? How many of these are there? How much of the spinal cord is perfused by these?
* Posterior Spinal Artery * Two * 25%
46
What structure is noted by 5 below? What is the name of the fissure that this artery runs in? What percent of blood flow to the spinal cord flows from here?
* Anterior Spinal Artery * Anterior Median Fissure * 75% of Blood Flow
47
What structure is indicated by 1 on the figure below?
Posterior Rootlets
48
What direction does information travel in the blue shaded spinal tracts? What information is carried? Is this efferent or afferent?
* Ascending spinal tracts (PNS → CNS) * Sensory information is carried * These are afferent ## Footnote Information enters the dorsal horn (grey matter) and then moves over to the white matter to ascend to the brain
49
What structure is indicated by 3 on the figure below?
Spinal Nerve | Anterior and posterior information combined
50
What structure is indicated by 4 on the figure below?
Anterior root
51
What structure is indicated by 5 on the figure below?
Anterior Rootlets
52
What structure is indicated by 2 on the figure below? What is it comprised of?
* Posterior Root Ganglion * Collection of pseudounipolar cell bodies
53
Why is there no anterior spinal root ganglion?
Because they are comprised of motor neurons whose cell bodies are within the ventral horn of the spinal cord.
54
What direction does information travel in the red/orange shaded spinal tracts? What information is carried? Is this efferent or afferent?
* These are descending spinal tracts (CNS → PNS) * Motor information * These are efferent
55
How many cervical vertebrae are there? How many cervical spinal nerves are there and where are they located?
* 7 vertebrae * 8 spinal nerve pairs * C1 nerve above C1 vertebrae, C2 below C1, C3 below C2, etc.
56
How many thoracic vertebrae are there? How many spinal nerves are there and where are they located?
* 12 vertebrae * 12 spinal nerve pairs * Each nerve underneath each vertebrae
57
How many lumbar vertebrae are there? How many spinal nerves are there and where are they located?
* 5 vertabrae * 5 pairs of spinal nerves * Each nerve is located underneath each vertebrae
58
How many sacral vertebrae are there? How many spinal nerves are there and where are they located?
* 5 vertebrae at birth that fuse into 1 * 5 pairs of spinal nerves * Located underneath where each vertebrae origanlly was
59
How many coccygeal vertabrae are there? How many spinal nerves are there and where are they located?
* 4 vertebrae at birth that fuse into 2 (2,3,4 fuse to form 1 vertebrae) * 1 pair of spinal nerves * Underneath the first coccygeal vertebrae
60
Where in the spine do we have lordosis or anterior curvature (convex)?
Cervical and lumbar spine
61
Where in the spine do we have kyphosis or posterior curvature (concave)?
Thoracic and sacral spine
62
What is scoliosis?
Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
63
What is kyphoscoliosis?
Combination of kyphosis and scoliosis
64
What shape is our spine when we are born?
Kyphotic curvature
65
What structure is indicated by 1 on this figure?
Vertebral Body ## Footnote Smaller in cervical than lumbar (not supporting as much weight)
66
What structure is the arrow pointing to?
Lamina
67
What structure is the arrow pointing to?
Pedicle
68
What is the brown structure within the box?
Vertebral arch | Encases the spinal cord
69
What structure is indicated by 5 on this figure?
Spinous Process
70
What structure is indicated by 4 on this figure?
Transverse Process
71
What structure is indicated by 2 on this figure?
Superior Articular Process ## Footnote Connect vertebrae
72
What structure is indicated by 7 on this figure?
Inferior Articular Process ## Footnote Connect vertebrae
73
What is the circled structue? What is its function?
Vertebral notch, where spinal nerves exit spine
74
What structure is indicated by 6 on this figure? What is the grey section?
* Inferior Articular Facet * Cartiledge inside of the joint
75
What structure is indicated by 7 on the figure below?
Superior Articular Facet
76
What is the circled structure?
Vertebral foramen ## Footnote Larger at the top of the spine than at the bottom
77
What is the name of the circled structure? Where are these located?
* Bifid spinous process * C2-C5, C6 (50% of people), C7 (0.3% of people)
78
What is the name of the circled structures? What goes through these? What is the exception?
* Transverse foramen * Vertebral arteries * C7 has transverse foramen but the vertebral arteries do not pass through them
79
What is the circled structure? What is its purpose?
* Transverse process sulcus * Spinal nerves pass through
80
What structure is indicated by 4 on the figure below? Which vertebrae is this?
Anterior Arch | C1, has no vertebral body
81
What structure is indicated by 5 on the figure below?
Anterior Tubercle
82
What structure is indicated by 6 on the figure below?
Facet for Dens
83
What is the name of the structure indicated in the picture below? What structure is indicated by 1 on the figure? What is this structures function?
* C2 (Axis) * The Dens Process * Connects C1 and C2, acts a swivel
84
What structure is indicated by 2 on the figure below?
The Posterior Arch
85
What structure is indicated by 3 on the figure below?
The Posterior Tubercle | C1 does not have spinous process
86
What structure is indicated by 7 on the figure below? What does this connect to? What does this structure allow to happen?
* Superior Articular Facet * The occiptal condyles * Nodding of the head
87
What is the indicated structure?
Foramen Magnum
88
What are the indicated structures?
Occipital condyles
89
What is the indicated structure?
Occiptal bone
90
What structure is indicated by 4 on the figure below?
Inferior Articular Facet of the Axis
91
What structure is indicated by 8 on the figure below?
Superior articular facet of the Axis
92
What structure is indicated by 9 on the figure below?
Anterior Articular Facet of the Dens
93
What structure is indicated below?
Posterior articular facet of C2
94
What structure is indicated by 7 on the figure below?
The Transverse Foramen of the Axis
95
What structure is indicated by the 1 on the figure below? What should be known about this structure?
Anterior Longitudinal Ligament This structure runs the length of the spinal cord, adding strength and stability to the vertebral bodies.
96
What is the indicated structure?
Posterior longitudinal ligament
97
What structure is indicated by the 4 on the figure below?
Intertransverse Ligaments
98
What structure is indicated by the 5 on the figure below?
Supraspinous Ligament
99
What structure is indicated by the 3 on the figure below?
Interspinous ligaments
100
What structure is indicated by the 2 on the figure below? What sets this ligament apart from the other spinous ligaments? What procedure involves this ligament?
* Ligamenta Flava * This ligament is stretchy and made of elastin as opposed to collagen. * Epidurals pierce this ligament to reach the epidural space of the spinal cord.
101
What is significant about the indicated structure?
Many people have incomplete fusion of the ligamentum flava at midline. This can make it hard to determine needle depth if going midline, may be better to approach at an angle of 15.
102
What structure is indicated by the 10 on the figure below? What is it comprised of?
* Nuchal Ligament * Interspinous ligaments
103
What is the indicated structure?
Anterior alanto-occipital ligament
104
What is the indicated structure?
Posterior alanto-occipital ligament
105
What is the indicated structure? What connects here?
* External occipital protuberance * The nuchal and supraspinous ligaments
106
What is the marker called? What creates it?
* Vertebral prominens * C7 spinous process (textbook answer), T1 spinous process is larger and probably contributes more
107
What is significant about the thoracic spinous processes?
They are situated at a very steep angle which makes it hard to approach midline with a needle.
108
Why don't you see many thoracic spine injuries?
The thoracic vertebrae have many anchoring strucures to keep it stabilized (ribs, thoracic cavity)
109
What 2 structures are circled?
Superior and inferior costal facets
110
What ribs are floating ribs? Why are they called that?
* Rib pairs 11 and 12. * They are not connected to the rest of the ribs and only have one small connection each on the thoracic vertebrae
111
What is the indicated structure?
Manubrium
112
What is the indicated structure?
Xiphoid process
113
What is the indicated structure?
Body of the sternum
114
How are the ribs connected to the sternum? Why is this important?
* By costal cartilege * Helps add flexibility and prevent crush injuries
115
What are the true ribs? Why?
* Ribs 1-7 * They are connected to the sternum directly via cartilege
116
What are the false ribs? Why?
* Ribs 8-10 * They are not directly connected to the sternum, they connect to the costal cartilege on rib 7.
117
What is the circled structure?
The costotransverse joint. The costal tubercle of the rib connects to the costal facet on the transverse process.
118
Describe the shape of the thoracic vertebral bodies?
They are heart shaped, the left side is flatter because of the aorta.
119
Why is the lumbar spine a popular space for epidurals/spinals?
The spinous processes are not as large and steeply positioned. They are easily moved out of the way when the patient leans forward. There is also no concern of hitting the cord after L1.
120
What is the circled structure? What runs through this?
* Intervertebral foramen * spinal nerves exit
121
What structure is indicated by 1 in the figure below?
The Sacral Promontory
122
What structure is indicated by 3 in the figure below? What is indicated by these structures?
Transverse Lines of the Sacrum This is where the vertebrae were prior to fusion
123
What structure is indicated by the 1 below?
The Sacral Canal
124
What structures are indicated by 4 in the figure below? What should be known about these structures?
These are the Anterior Sacral Foramina The spinal nerves exit here
125
What structure is indicated by the 11 below? What should be known about these structures?
Posterior sacral foramina The spinal nerves that exit here
126
What structure is indicated by the 6 below? How was this formed?
* Median Sacral Crest * Fusion of the spinous processes
127
What structure is indicated by the 5 below? How is it formed?
* The Lateral Sacral Crest * Fusion of the transverse processes
128
What structure is indicated by the 7 below? How is it formed?
* Medial Sacral Crest * Fusion of the superior and inferior articular processes
129
What structure is indicated by the 8 below? What comes out of this structure? What is important to know about this structure for anesthesia?
Sacral Hiatus Coccygeal nerves and S5 nerves exit here Anesthetics can be given here to block lower body innervation
130
What structures are indicated by the 9 below?
Sacral Cornua
131
What structure is indicated by 1 on the figure below? If a line was drawn between this structure on the identical structure on the right, what landmark would be indicated?
Iliac Crest A line drawn from crest-to-crest would sit right on the L4 vertebral body, used for epidurals
132
What structure is indicated by the 3 below? What is this marker used for?
* Posterior-Superior and Inferior Iliac Spines * Find marker, drop down and over 1 cm to access S2 sacral foramina | These are easily visible ## Footnote S1 foramina is opened to the side and more difficult to hit
133
What structure is indicated by the 1 below?
Anterior Superior Iliac Spine
134
What structure is indicated by the 2 below?
Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine
135
What structure is indicated by the 8 below?
Pubic Tubercle | Not really palpable
136
What structure is indicated by the 11 below? What should be known about this ligament? Where at the attachments for this ligament?
Inguinal Ligament This ligament is palpable even in obese patients, obese patients may have fold over this. This ligament connects the anterior-superior iliac spine and the pubic tubercle
137
What structure is indicated by the 2 below? What does it connect?
* Iliolumbar Ligament * L4 and L5 transverses to posterior pelvis
138
What structure is indicated by the 5 below?
Pubic Symphysis
139
What ligament is represented by 1 on the figure below?
Supraspinous Ligament
140
What structure is indicated by the 1 on the figure below? Where is it stronger?
Anulus Fibrosus Stronger anteriorly due to crosshatch pattern
141
What structure is indicated by the 2 below? What is it's purpose?
Nucleus Pulposus Gel-like providing shock absorption and flexibility
142
What structure is indicated by the 3 below?
Hyaline Cartilage End-Plate
143
What structure is indicated by the 1 below? What should be known about the anterior of this structure?
Anterior Anulus Fibrosus It is much stronger than the Posterior Anulus Fibrosus
144
What pathophysiology is indicated below? Why do these usually occur postero-laterally? How can this be fixed?
* Disc Herniation (Nucleus pulposus herniation out of anulus fibrosus) with impinged nerve * The anulus fibrosus is weaker postero-laterally. * Discectomy, vertebral fusion, or laminectomy (creates more space in intervertebral foramen for impinged nerve)
145
How old may CSF be in the dural sac?
May be 48 hours old

Z-Advanced A&P I (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions