Exam 2 Cardiac Blueprint Flashcards
what is MAP?
used to assess perfusion pressure
normal = 70-100
indications: poor tissue perfusion
calculation MAP: SBP + (2xDBP)/3
what is a STEMI?
ST elevation myocardial infarction
a loss of cardiac myocytes as a result of prolonged ischemia due to a perfusion-dependent imbalance between supply and demand
myocardial ischemia does not cause immediate cell death, but rather it occurs over a finite period of time. it can take at least 4-6H for complete necrosis of myocardial cells
this is dependent upon the presence of collateral blood flow into the ischemic zone or coronary artery occlusion
what is cardiac output?
Represents the amount of blood pumped by the heart in 1M
Measured as SV x HR
Measured in L/M with normal range of 4-8
Cardiac index: adjust for PT size by dividing cardiac output by BSA. Normal range is 2-4 L/M
what is the post-op management for a cath?
Catheter site is observed for bleeding or hematoma
Temperature and color of the affected extremity are elevated
Dysrhythmias are carefully assessed by observing the cardiac monitor
Bedrest must be maintained for 2-6H after the procedure
Observe for contrast agent induced renal failure
what is endocarditis?
Infection of inner layer of heart, the endocardium. Forms thrombotic vegetations on the valves. Most cases involve native heart valves especially mortal and aortic valves
what is the patho for endocarditis?
Patho: 1st = bacteremia —> 2nd = adhesion —> 3rd = vegetation
what are the CM and vascular CM for endocarditis?
CM: fever & chills, weakness & fatigue, malaise, and anorexia
Vascular CM: splinter hemorrhages in nail-beds, petechiae, Osler’s node on fingertips or toes, Jane-way lesions on pads of finger and toes, Roth’s spots, new or changing systolic murmur, heart failure, and embolism (CNS, extremities, spleen, kidney)
what is endocarditis classified by, its causative organisms, risk factors, and diagnostic studies?
Classified by: what caused it & where it is
Causative organisms: bacterial, virus, and fungi
Risk factors: prosthetic valves, hemodialysis, and IV drug abuse
Diagnostic studies: history, labs (blood cultures, CBC, ESR, C-reactive protein), echocardiography, chest x-ray, and ECG
what is the medical management and complications for endocarditis?
Medical management: preventive care = prophylactic ABX treatment for invasive procedures on high risk PT, management = accurate ID of organism, IV ABX, anti-fungals, repeat blood culture, and valve repair or replacement if needed
Complications: embolic events
what is the nursing management for endocarditis?
Nursing management: assess for = impaired cardiac output, activity intolerance, risk for injury (emboli), and infection, discover = history (drug use, dental procedures, and valve repair), VS (temp!), heart sounds (murmur), and skin, actions = admin ABX, provide resources (social services), and provide education.
what is pericarditis?
Inflammation of the outer lining of the heart with possible fluid accumulation (pericardial effusion)
what are the causes, CMs, and complications of pericarditis?
Causes: infection, trauma, autoimmune
CM: pain (sudden, sharp, severe), dyspnea, pericardial friction rub, fever, and anxiety
Complications: pericardial effusion (treat with pericardial synthesis), cardiac tamponade, hiccups, and hoarseness.
what is the medical management for pericarditis?
Medical management: lab and diagnostic tests, 12 lead ECG, echocardiogram, CT, MRI, Chest x-ray, labs (CBC, ESR, troponins, blood cultures, culture of pericardial fluid), and pericardial biopsy.
what are the interventions and invasive interventions for pericarditis?
Interventions: focus on underlying cause and relieve pain, bedrest, ABX, analgesics (NSAIDS), and corticosteroids
Invasive interventions: pericardiocentesis and pericardial window
