Exam 2- Cells

Question 1

The most common gradients are the result of concentration differences, therefore called

Answer 1

Concentration gradients

Question 2

Molecules move naturally with gradients from areas of high to low concentration, and it requires no energy

Answer 2

Passive transport

Question 3

Molecules can also be moved against gradients from areas of low to high concentration, it requires energy

Answer 3

Active transport

Question 4

How do some molecules move passively into cells? Moves with concentration gradient and it’s small enough to pass through the bilayer molecules. Example: food coloring in water

Answer 4

Simple diffusion

Question 5

Specific type of diffusion that involves water is called

Answer 5

Osmosis

Question 6

Ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water

Answer 6

Tonicity

Question 7

Equal movement of water in and out of cells

Answer 7

Isotonic

Question 8

Water goes into the cell and expands.

Answer 8

Hypotonic

Question 9

Water goes out of the cell and shrinks

Answer 9

Hypertonic

Question 10

A plant cell undergoes

Answer 10

Plasmolysis

Question 11

Changes in cell shape can alter its ability to function, cells may have certain mechanisms in place in an attempt to maintain a proper water balance, also known as

Answer 11

Osmoregulation

Question 12

Microorganisms pump water out to prevent lysis by osmotic water diffusion into the cell

Answer 12

Contractile vacuoles

Question 13

Water content in the large central vacuole of plants help provide ___ on the cell walls

Answer 13

Turgor pressure

Question 14

Loss of this pressure can cause wilting where the cells can become

Answer 14

Flaccid

Question 15

The membrane is considered differentially or selectively permeable because

Answer 15

Membrane proteins can allow passage of certain select substances through the bilayer

Question 16

Facilitated diffusion

Answer 16

Passive transport aided by protein transporters

Question 17

Proteins act as pumps to transport materials as an example of

Answer 17

Sodium-potassium pump

Question 18

In some cases, active transport of one substance can be used to establish a
concentration gradient in order to power the transport of a second substance

Answer 18

Cotransport

Question 19

One carrier builds a high concentration of a substance on one side of the membrane, the substance then moves back via facilitated diffusion through a ___ bringing along another substance

Answer 19

Symporter

Question 20

If a substance is moved in the opposite direction of its partner, the carrier is called an

Answer 20

Antiporter

Question 21

A region of the plasma membrane surrounds the material and pinches it off into a vesicle inside the cell

Answer 21

Endocytosis

Question 22

Large particles are surrounded and engulfed is called

Answer 22

Phagocytosis

Question 23

The extracellular fluid is surrounded and internalized is called

Answer 23

Pinocytosis

Question 24

Materials first bind to outer receptors is called

Answer 24

Receptor-mediated

Question 25

The particular biomolecule a receptor protein binds to is called

Answer 25

Ligand

Question 26

The reverse process, secreted materials are released from the cell in this way is called

Answer 26

Exocytosis

Question 27

A combination of endo and exocytosis

Answer 27

Transcytosis

Question 28

Microtubules

Answer 28

The largest, composed of protein tubulin

Question 29

Microtubule organizing center

Answer 29

Plant cells can have many, but fungi and animals have one - In animals it is known as the centrosome

Question 30

Kinesin

Answer 30

Protein motor protein

Question 31

Cilia

Answer 31

Like haired structures

Question 32

Primary cilium

Answer 32

Involved in signal reception

Question 33

Flagella

Answer 33

Same as cilia but longer.

Question 34

Axoneme

Answer 34

9+2 core structure of microtubules

Question 35

Basal body

Answer 35

9+0 arrangement

Question 36

Dynein

Answer 36

Links the multiple microtubule components of cilia together

Question 37

Microfilaments

Answer 37

Thinnest of the cytoskeletal components, they are composed of thin rods called actin

Question 38

Thin rods called

Answer 38

Actin

Question 39

Cytoplasmic streaming

Answer 39

Where cytosol is made to circulate throughout the cell

Question 40

Intermediary filaments

Answer 40

Are sized in between the other two filaments.

Question 41

Cellulose synthase

Answer 41

The cellulose is synthesized by enzymes in the plasma membrane

Question 42

Hemicellulose

Answer 42

Another polymer of glucose

Question 43

Pectin

Answer 43

A gel that fills the space between cellulose fibers

Question 44

Plant cells

Answer 44

Possess a single primary cell wall

Question 45

The space in between primary cell walls of adjacent cells is called the

Answer 45

Middle lamella

Question 46

Disrupt hydrogen bonds between celluloses so they can slide past each other and the wall can expand is called

Answer 46

Expansins

Question 47

Cells that are no longer expanding can deposit a

Answer 47

Secondary cell wall

Question 48

Lignin

Answer 48

Waterproofs the secondary wall, is hydrophobic

Question 49

Extracellular Matrix

Answer 49

Animal cells have ECM and are composed of collagen

Question 50

The collagen fibers are also bound to proteins in the ECM called

Answer 50

Fibronectins

Question 51

The fibronectin in turn, is connected to the cell surface by transmembrane proteins called

Answer 51

Integrins

Question 52

Protein strands that extend into and out of the cell - the internal portion anchors to intermediate filaments

Answer 52

Desmosomes

Question 53

Proteins called _________ extend outward and interact with each other

Answer 53

Cadherins, holds adjacent cells together like Velcro.

Question 54

Tight junctions

Answer 54

Proteins that fuse together between the cell membrane, prevents leakage

Question 55

Gap junctions

Answer 55

Channels that connect insides of cells, similar to air ducts

Question 56

Plasmodesmata

Answer 56

Continuation of plasma membrane in adjacent cells, the plasma membrane is shared between cells

Question 57

How can the cell membrane transmit information from outside the cell to the inside?

Answer 57

Signal transduction

Question 58

Proteins embedded in the membrane called

Answer 58

Signal Receptors

Question 59

They are called _ proteins because they bind GTP

Answer 59

G

Question 60

The product produced as a result of this enzyme being turned on acts as a

Answer 60

Secondary Messenger

Question 61

Activation of an enzyme called

Answer 61

Adenyly cyclase

Question 62

These messengers often activate

Answer 62

Protein kinases

Question 63

Cells are the smallest unit of life

Answer 63

True!

Question 64

the Cell Theory states three principles about cells, what are they?

Answer 64

a) all living things are made up of cells b) a cell is the smallest unit of living things c) all cells arise from pre-existing cells

Question 65

Cells are so small because

Answer 65

The have to get materials through the surfaces

Question 66

All cells share three main features, what are they?

Answer 66

a) they are surrounded by a plasma membrane (discussed previously) b) they contain cytoplasm, the aqueous environment inside a cell - the cytoplasm contains organelles; structures that can perform specific cellular tasks - most are membrane-bound, but not all - the jelly-like fluid alone is referred to as cytosol c) they contain DNA in the form of chromosomes

Question 67

Prokaryotic the DNA is called ___ and have ___

Answer 67

Nucleoid, and ribosomes

Question 68

Bacterial cell walls are made up of _____

Answer 68

Peptidoglycan

Question 69

Eukaryotic cells are composed of ____ or ____

Answer 69

Cellulose, or chitin

Question 70

Nucleus

Answer 70

the control center

Question 71

Importins

Answer 71

Protein that carries in the materials in the cell

Question 72

Exportins

Answer 72

Protein that takes the materials out of the cell

Question 73

What is the Rough ER?

Answer 73

Presence of bound ribosomes gives the surface a textured appearance

Question 74

What is the Smooth ER?

Answer 74

Site of membrane lipid synthesis, also gives presence have bound ribosomes gives the surface a smooth appearance.

Question 75

Transport vesicle (like a bubble made up of membrane)

Answer 75

90% of the time will go to the Golgi

Question 76

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 76

A series of flattened membrane sacs stacked together

Question 77

Cisternae

Answer 77

The walls of the Golgi

Question 78

CIsface

Answer 78

The receiving side of the Golgi

Question 79

Transface

Answer 79

The transferring side where it pinches off the protein out and into a cell

Question 80

Golgi will do an attachment of a _____ ____ and it acts like a zip code.

Answer 80

Carbohydrate tags

Question 81

SRP

Answer 81

Signal Recognition Particle

Question 82

Are bound ribosomes and free bound ribosomes the same?

Answer 82

Yes, the only difference is the location.

Question 83

The ER is?

Answer 83

An interconnected network of membrane based tunnels.

Question 84

Lysosomes

Answer 84

Breaks down the larger biomolecules

Question 85

Peroxisomes

Answer 85

Protective Role against R.O.S (reactive oxygen species)

Question 86

Glyoxysomes

Answer 86

Breaks down photosynthesis byproducts.

Question 87

Vacuoles

Answer 87

Storage compartments, in plant cells there only one large vacuole and in animal cells there are multiple ones involving storage.

Question 88

Plant cells have one big vacuole, it maintains what?

Answer 88

Turgor pressure

Question 89

Mitochondria

Answer 89

Site of aerobic (requires oxygen gas) cellular respiration

Question 90

What does the Mitochondria have?

Answer 90

It's own DNA + ribosomes.

Question 91

The folds, inner wall, and outer wall of the Mitochondria is called what?

Answer 91

Cristae, folds, and inter-membrane compartment

Question 92

Plastids

Answer 92

Site of the photosynthesis

Question 93

The membrane, inner space, and the inside stuff of the Plastid is what?

Answer 93

Thylakoid membrane, Stoma, and Lumen.

Question 94

Amyloplast

Answer 94

Stores starch

Question 95

Elaioplast

Answer 95

Stores oil

Question 96

Chromoplasts

Answer 96

Producing pigment, food and or storing pigment and food.