Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

GM Biomechanics > Exam 2: Cervical Spine/whiplash > Flashcards

Exam 2: Cervical Spine/whiplash Flashcards

(87 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What region has more muscles associated with it than anywhere else

A

Cervical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the cervical spines job

A

Maintain head posture, great deal of mobility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cervical curve is the ___ distinct of all the spinal curves

A

Least

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the most complex region of the axial skeleton

A

Occiput atlas axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the orientation of superior articular process of atlas

A

Concave and medial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the anatomical structure of C0/C1 inn saggital and frontal planes

A

Cuplike

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Why is there little rotation of occiput-atlas

A

Lat mass of C1 is shaped like a peanut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

If occiput=atlas doesnt translate P-A or A-P how does it create flexion extension

A

Rotating post and sup and rotating ant sup

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Flexion of occiput - atlas is limited by what

A

Posterior neck muscular tension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is extension of the occiput - atlas limited by

A

Suboccipital muscle compression against the occiput

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the range of x axis rotation in the occiput - atlas

A

Mean value between 14-35 degrees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Y axis rotation of occiput - atlas limited by

A

Elastic range, ant/post walls of C1 socket, joint capusle tension, mostly alar ligament tension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the range of y axis ratoation of occiput - atlas

A

4-8 degrees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Z axis of occiput-atlas is not physiological accomplished but can be what

A

Induced by elevating out of one socket while other is pivot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the range of z axis roation occiput - atlas

A

4-11 degrees (in cadavers)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What limits z axis rotation of occiput - atlas

A

Alar ligament attachement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Z rotation of occiput - atlas is coupled by what

A

Rotation in opposite direction leading of chin away from side of lateral flexion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the C1 inferior articular processes shaped

A

Flat, slightly convave, medial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The configuration of the cartilage of atlas axis creates what type of articulation

A

Biconvex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The x axis rotation c1-c2 biconvexity combined has a theta x of what

A

20 degreese

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Increasing the anterior curvature of the dens increases what

A

X axis rotation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is a path that identifies where one body will rotate relative to another body at a given instant in time

A

Instant axis of rotation (IAR)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the major role of C2

A

Permit lots of Y axis rotation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What limits the rotation of C1-C2

A

Alar ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the range of C1-c2 y axis rotation
43-50
26
Where does over 50% of the rotation of the neck take place
Y axis rotation C1-c2
27
What is the role of the intra articular meniscoids
Keep film of synovil fluid applied to articular cartilages not in contact with one another
28
What happens to intra articular meniscoids in y axis rotations
They are displaced and passively return
29
What is y axis rotation at c1-c2 coupled with
Y translation
30
Why is lateral bending limited at c1-c2
Alar ligaments and bony anatomy
31
Does c1-c2 have x axis translation
No, only apparent
32
As the head is laterally flexed to one side at c1-c2 what happens to the ipsilateral articular process
Takes on a greater loade
33
How does the c2 inferior articular surface act during lateral flexion
Slopes inferiorly
34
How does the spinous rotate during lateral ben of c2
Rotates toward convexity of lateral bend - the opposite side
35
During flexion/extension what is the coupled motion
Translaton in sagittal plane
36
Where does more translation occur
In the upper c/s
37
Where are the steepest arches at for x axis rotation
At C6/C7
38
What happens to the acuity of the arc with degeneration
Are decreases
39
What is the shape of the vertebral body at superior/inferior surfaces
Sellar or saddle shaped
40
In lower c/s x axis translation is ____ and rotation is _____
Reduced, promoted
41
What limits pure lateral flexion in lower c/s
Uncinate process
42
What are the uncinate processes a guide to
Couple lateral flexion with axial rotation
43
Degeneration at uncovertebral joints is due to DDD resulting in what
Body outgrowth (osteophytosis)
44
What does DDD osteophytosis impinge
Adjacent anatomy, can create stenosis in conjunction with disc bulge/herniation
45
What can osteophytosis create stenosis with
Vertebral artery or cervical spinal nerves
46
What is the facet orientation of lower cs
Tear drop shape, Angled 45 degrees b/w coronal/transverse planes
47
What is the superior facet orientation of lower cs
Post, sup, medial
48
What is the inferior facet orientation of lower cs
Ant, lateral, inferior
49
Prior to what age is the thickness of articular cartilage 1-1.3 mm
20years
50
What does age do to z joint
Thins articular cartilage, thickens subarticular bone, ostophyte formation
51
Sensory proprioception of cs is from what in order
1) IVD 2) facet joints 3) cervical musclulature
52
What is the arrangement of innervation of IVD
Circumferential, superficial to deep
53
What does the IVD sense
Peripheral compression/tension, deformation/alignment
54
What is responsive to extremes rather than mid range joint motions
Facet mechanoreceptors
55
Each facet mechanoreceptor is responsible for what size receptive field
Large
56
What muscle group contain high density of spindles
Suboccipital muscles
57
Why is there higher spindle content in suboccipitals
Head eye coordination, comlex proprioceptive inputs
58
What theory is that the more open gates the more pain messages pass through and hgiher level of pain and more closed gates = fewer messages = less pain
The gate theory
59
Chronic neck pain affects muscle how?
Atrophy and fatty infiltration/degeneration
60
When does cervical curvature begin to develop
Prior to birth
61
What aids in absorbing spinal loads in c/s
Lordosis
62
What is the degree of cervical lordosis
About 30-45 degrees
63
What part of the c/s is kyphotic
Occiput to axis
64
What can kyphosis of the c/s create
Ischemia and dysfunx, possible demyelinating disease
65
What is the primary load on the cervical spine
Compression
66
Compressive loads increase during what
Flexion/extension
67
What is the max isometric action on the spine
1200N
68
What type of load is best on c/s
Compressive follower load
69
What does the follower load minimize
Bending moments and shear
70
What produces a follower load in c/s
Coactivation of muscles
71
What is a mechanism whereby the neck is whipped in one direction and recoils in the opposite direction
Whiplash
72
Who is most likley to get injured in car acciden
Females 20-24
73
How do we determine mechanism of energy in whiplash injuries
Direction of force, patient position, relationship of head/spine, state of tension in neck muscles
74
What end of the neck will move with greater velocity
Distal end compared to proximal end
75
What are the 2 mechanisms of injury to the joint in a whiplash injury
Pinching of synovial fold, strain of capsule
76
Capsular strain in c/s. Can result in what response
Inflammatory response involving spinal cord
77
With aging what happens to bones mass
25% reduction in bone mass and 50% in strength
78
What is the first structure to fail when subject to compressive loads
The endplate
79
When are injuries more severe at alar and transverse ligaments in whiplash injury
When head is turned
80
What discs are most vulnerable when rear impacts happens
C5-c6
81
When are discs especially vulnerable during rear impacts
At lower speeds (<38 mph)
82
What disks are most at risk during front impacts
C2/c3 - c7/t1, c5/c6 most vulnerable
83
What grade of the WAD grating system of whiplash has no symptoms
WAD 0
84
What grade of the WAD grating system of whiplash has pain, stiffness, but no physical signs
WAD 1
85
What grade of the WAD grating system of whiplash neck complains, decreased ROM, point tenderness
WAD 2
86
What grade of the WAD grating system of whiplash neck complaints plus neuro signs
WAD 3
87
What grade of the WAD grating system of whiplash have a fracture/dislocation or cord injjury
WAD 4

GM Biomechanics (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions