Exam 2 - Ch. 3: Clinical Assessment, Diagnosis, & Research in Psychopathology

Question 1

Hypothesis

Answer 1

precise testable prediction

Question 2

Case Studies

Answer 2

extensive research of one individual or group with common characteristics

Question 3

Limitations on Case Studies - Biases

Answer 3

hypothesis that you have influences of what you look for and ignores other relevant information

Question 4

Limitations on Case Studies - Validity

Answer 4

• low internal (cause-and-effect conclusion)

- low external (generalizability)

Question 5

Correlational Research

Answer 5

• how variables are related

- IV is not manipulated

Question 6

Positive correlation

Answer 6

variables move in the same direction

Question 7

Negative Correlation

Answer 7

variables move in the opposite direction

Question 8

Limitations to Correlation REsearch

Answer 8

• cannot imply causation

- problem of directionality (hard to say which comes first)

Question 9

Epidemiological research

Answer 9

used to analyze large amounts of current data to identify prevalence and incidence in large populations

Question 10

Example of Correlational Method

Answer 10

Epidemiological Research

Question 11

Prevalence

Answer 11

existing cases

Question 12

Incidence

Answer 12

number of new cases

Question 13

Internal Validity

Answer 13

extent to which you can be confident that the IV is causing the DV to change

Question 14

External validity

Answer 14

how well your findings describe similar individuals who were not among study participants

Question 15

Experiments

Answer 15

attempt to establish casual relations through manipulations of IV

Question 16

Independent Variable

Answer 16

variable manipulated

Question 17

Dependent Variable

Answer 17

variable measured and influenced by IV

Question 18

Random Assignment

Answer 18

all subjects have an equal chance to be in experimental or control group

Question 19

What has high external validity and low confound

Answer 19

Random Assignment

Question 20

Single-Blind

Answer 20

Participants don’t know whether they are experimental or control group

Question 21

Double-Blind

Answer 21

neither participants or researchers know

Question 22

Repeated Measurement studies

Answer 22

in which a behavior is measured several times instead of only once before you change the IV and once afterward

Question 23

What does repeated measurement studies allow

Answer 23

allows researchers to identify trends in behaviors

Question 24

What do repeated measurement studies help identify

Answer 24

how a person is doing before and after intervention and whether the treatment accounted for any changes

Question 25

Statistical significance

Answer 25

small probability of obtaining the observed research findings by chance

Question 26

What does statistical significance not imply

Answer 26

clinical meaningfulness

Question 27

Clinical significance

Answer 27

are results clinically meaningful

Question 28

Genetic research focuses on what?

Answer 28

endophenotypes

Question 29

Endophenotypes

Answer 29

genetic mechanism that contributes to the underlying problems causing the symptoms and difficulties experienced by people with psychological disorders

Question 30

Genetic Research strategies (3)

Answer 30

- Family Studies - Adoption - Twin studies

Question 31

Family studies

Answer 31

behaviors/emotional traits in family

Question 32

Adoption

Answer 32

separates environmental from genetic

Question 33

Twin Studies

Answer 33

best way of determining genetic role in any particular disorder

Question 34

Strategies for problem and behavior over time (3)

Answer 34

- Longitudinal - Cross sectional - Sequential designs

Question 35

Longitudinal

Answer 35

same individual or group studies over time

Question 36

Pros of longitudinal

Answer 36

measure direct changes

Question 37

Cons of longitudinal

Answer 37

time, attrition, expensive

Question 38

Cross-Sectional

Answer 38

compares individuals of different ages

Question 39

Pros of Cross-Sectional

Answer 39

efficiency

Question 40

Cons of Cross-Sectional

Answer 40

different ages and different experiences, cannot measure direct change

Question 41

Sequential designs

Answer 41

combine both, repeated study of different cohorts over time

Question 42

Cohort effect

Answer 42

People of different age groups differ in their values and experience

Question 43

Principles of Ethics (5)

Answer 43

- Informed Consent - Competence - Voluntarism - Full information - Comprehension

Question 44

Informed consent

Answer 44

does the subject agree to participate?

Question 45

Competence

Answer 45

can the subject provide consent?

Question 46

Voluntarism

Answer 46

lack of coercion

Question 47

Full information

Answer 47

is there necessary information to make informed decision?

Question 48

Comprehension

Answer 48

understanding about benefits and risks of participation