Exam 2, Ch. 5, GastroIntestinal Pathologies Flashcards Preview

Radiography Pathology > Exam 2, Ch. 5, GastroIntestinal Pathologies > Flashcards

Flashcards in Exam 2, Ch. 5, GastroIntestinal Pathologies Deck (17)
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1
Q

Def. of mastication

A

chewing; the beginning of digestion

2
Q

Def. of peristalsis

A

rhythmic smooth muscle contractions of the digestive system

3
Q

Def. of chyme

A

milky white material created when gastric contents are mixed with hydrochloric acid and the proteolytic enzyme pepsin

4
Q

Esophagitis (def. and cause)

A
  • inflammation of the esophagus commonly caused by reflux of gastric contents
  • also caused by: infection, physical injury, and medication
  • diet is a factor: chocolate, caffeine, and fatty foods all decrease pressure of esophageal sphincter
5
Q

Esophagitis (symptoms and on an image)

A
  • burning chest pain
  • may not be seen radiographically
  • seen on double contrast studies as superficial ulcerations or erosions
  • appear as streaks or dots of barium superimposed on the mucosa
6
Q

Barrett’s Syndrome (def. and cause)

A
  • severe reflux esophagitis
  • normal squamous epithelium is replaced by columnar epithelium (like in the stomach)
  • high malignancy
  • they are adenocarcinoma (arising from an epithelial tissue)
7
Q

Barrett’s Syndrome (on an image)

A
  • postinflammatory stricture

- Barrett’s ulcer is usually separated from the hiatal hernia by a variable length of normal appearing esophagus

8
Q

Def. of diverticula

A

outpouchings; common lesions of the digestive tract that either: A. are composed of all the layers of the wall (“traction” or “true”), or b. composed of only mucosa and submucosa layers (“pulsion” or “false diverticula”)

9
Q

Def. of esophageal varices

A

dilated veins in the esophagus; most commonly the result of increased pressure to the portal venous system (portal hypertension) due to a cirrhotic liver

10
Q

Def. of volvulus

A

twisting of part of GI tract

11
Q

Def. of hiatal hernia

A
  • herniation of the stomach into the thorax by way of the hiatus of the diaphragm
  • can be severe in which most of the stomach lies in the thoracic cavity
  • or mild, in which only part of the stomach herniates into the thorax, and comes back out once the pressure is lower
12
Q

Def. of dysphagia

A

difficulty swallowing

13
Q

Def. of achalasia

A
  • functional obstruction of the distal esophagus with proximal dilation
  • caused by incomplete relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter
14
Q

Cirrhosis (def. and cause)

A
  • chronic destruction of the liver structure and parenchyma; leads to fibrosis of liver
  • major cause is chronic alcoholism (10-20 years): either its toxic effect or the malnutrition that accompanies it
15
Q

Cirrhosis (on an image)

A
  • large amounts of fat accumulates within the liver
  • on CT: liver appears darker than spleen (normally, liver appears brighter). The portal veins appear brighter, when they should appear darker
  • on US: coarse echogenicity; multiple hyperechoic micronodules or macronodules within liver
16
Q

Def. of intussusception

A
  • the telescoping of one part of the intestinal tract into another because of peristalsis which forces the proximal segment of bowel to move distally within the ensheathing outer portion
  • major cause of bowel obstruction in children (rare in adults)
17
Q

Def. of peptic ulcer disease

A
  • erosion of the gastric or duodenal wall
  • can be severe or superficial
  • caused by acid and the enzyme, pepsin