Exam 2 chapter 6

Question 1

Which of the following is an example of a reflex that occurs at some point in the development of a human being?
child riding a bike
teen socializing
infant sucking on a nipple
toddler walking

Answer 1

infant sucking on a nipple

Question 2

Learning is best defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that ________.
is innate
occurs as a result of experience
is found only in humans
occurs by observing others

Answer 2

occurs as a result of experience

Question 3

Two forms of associative learning are ________ and ________.
classical conditioning; operant conditioning
classical conditioning; Pavlovian conditioning
operant conditioning; observational learning
operant conditioning; learning conditioning

Answer 3

classical conditioning; operant conditioning

Question 4

In ________ the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired with the behavior.
associative learning
observational learning
operant conditioning
classical conditioning

Answer 4

classical conditioning

Question 5

A stimulus that does not initially elicit a response in an organism is a(n) ________.
unconditioned stimulus
neutral stimulus
conditioned stimulus
unconditioned response

Answer 5

neutral stimulus

Question 6

In Watson and Rayner’s experiments, Little Albert was conditioned to fear a white rat, and then he began to be afraid of other furry white objects. This demonstrates ________.
higher order conditioning
acquisition
stimulus discrimination
stimulus generalization

Answer 6

stimulus generalization

Question 7

Extinction occurs when ________.
the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus
the unconditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with a conditioned stimulus
the neutral stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus
the neutral stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with a conditioned stimulus

Answer 7

the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Question 8

In Pavlov’s work with dogs, the psychic secretions were ________.
unconditioned responses
conditioned responses
unconditioned stimuli
conditioned stimuli

Answer 8

conditioned responses

Question 9

________ is when you take away a pleasant stimulus to stop a behavior.
positive reinforcement
negative reinforcement
positive punishment
negative punishment

Answer 9

negative punishment

Question 10

Which of the following is not an example of a primary reinforcer?
food
money
water
sex

Answer 10

Money

Question 11

Rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior is ________.
shaping
extinction
positive reinforcement
negative reinforcement

Answer 11

shaping

Question 12

Slot machines reward gamblers with money according to which reinforcement schedule?
fixed ratio
variable ratio
fixed interval
variable interval

Answer 12

variable ratio

Question 13

The person who performs a behavior that serves as an example is called a ________.
teacher
model
instructor
coach

Answer 13

model.

Question 14

In Bandura’s Bobo doll study, when the children who watched the aggressive model were placed in a room with the doll and other toys, they ________.
ignored the doll
played nicely with the doll
played with tinker toys
kicked and threw the doll

Answer 14

kicked and threw the doll.

Question 15

Which is the correct order of steps in the modeling process?
attention, retention, reproduction, motivation
motivation, attention, reproduction, retention
attention, motivation, retention, reproduction
motivation, attention, retention, reproduction

Answer 15

attention, retention, reproduction, motivation

Question 16

Who proposed observational learning?
Ivan Pavlov
John Watson
Albert Bandura
B. F. Skinner

Answer 16

Albert Bandura