Exam 2 (Chapters 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, & 6) Flashcards
(157 cards)
1
Q
what were the 3 missions of psych before WWII?
A
understanding and curing mental disorders, enhancing productivity and sense of fulfillment, identifying talent and reaching potential
2
Q
what was the main shift of psych after WWII?
A
shift to “what’s wrong”, individuals are passive beings who learning through operant conditioning; Walden two (1948)
3
Q
What was the beginning of positive psych?
A
Martin Seligman proposed a shift towards studying and trying to build the best in life
4
Q
Research of Social Psych?
A
Milgrim Obedience Study, Stanford Prison Experiment, Line Judging Experiment
5
Q
DSM or Disease Model
A
diagnosis and labeling of problems, comes from the desire to be useful and gain status/respect
6
Q
Who studied consciousness?
A
Wundt, Titcher, and James
7
Q
Who studied behaviorism?
A
Watson, Skinner, and Pavlov
8
Q
Strength’s Model
A
what’s right, identifying individual strengths
9
Q
What is negativity bias?
A
deals with rumination, the idea that negative events and emotions hold more weight
10
Q
What are the dimensions of positive psych?
A
subjective level, individual level, and society level
11
Q
What is subjective level?
A
positive emotions and optimism
12
Q
What is individual level?
A
character strengths
13
Q
What is society level?
A
healthy families and institutions
14
Q
What does the death bed test determine?
A
what Is truly important in life
15
Q
what constitutes the good life?
A
connections with others, positive individual traits, and life regulation qualities (autonomy and self control)
16
Q
The “lens”
A
how we view events and situations
17
Q
what are the classifications of mental health?
A
flourishing, struggling, floundering, and languishing
18
Q
what is flourishing?
A
high wellbeing and low mental illness
19
Q
what is struggling?
A
high wellbeing and high mental illness
20
Q
what is floundering?
A
low wellbeing and high mental illness
21
Q
what is languishing?
A
low wellbeing and low mental illness
22
Q
PANAS
A
Positive versus negative effects of emotion
23
Q
components of wellbeing?
A
PERMA; includes self acceptance, growth, purpose, environmental mastery, autonomy, and positive relations
24
Q
PERMA
A
engagement, relationships, positive emotions, vitality, meaning, and achievement
25
components of social wellbeing?
social acceptance, social actualization, social contribution, social coherence, and social integration
26
Seligman's Positive Psych Agenda
Authentic happiness theory, well-being theory
27
What is the Authentic Happiness Theory?
life satisfaction increases (headonic)
28
What is the Well-being Theory?
increasing flourishing through positive emotions, engagement, meaning, relationships, and accomplishments (eudaemonic)
29
Hedonic
pleasure through experiences
30
Eudaemonic
holistic; finding purpose and meaning in life
31
basic emotions are seen through?
universal facial expressions which are carried out unconsciously
32
relationship between positive and negative emotions?
both are independent of the other
33
Plutchick's Circumplex Model
activation (aroused), pleasant (positive), deactivation (not aroused), unpleasant (negative)
34
Basic emotions are a combination of?
biological, cognitive, behavioral, and sociocultural influences
35
which cortex is associated with happiness?
left prefrontal cortex
36
which cortex is partially associated with addiction?
prefrontal cortex
37
dopamine
reward chemical
38
oxytocin
love chemical
39
serotonin
mood stabilizer (ie exercise)
40
endorphin
pain killer (ie laughter)
41
what is neuroplasticity?
growth of the brain and the increase of gray matter in the brain after learning music and meditation
42
What is the Leminscate of Attention Meditation as Problem Solving?
focused attention versus open attention
43
what determines an individuals happiness baseline?
inheritance/genes
44
RAIN
recognition, attention, investigation (cognitions and emotions), and non-identification
45
ABCDE (Seligman's Learned Behavior)
adversity, beliefs, consequences, deputations, and energizations
46
what are the components of emotion?
cognition and behavior
47
what is extrinsic motivation?
engaging in an activity for an external reward
48
what is introjection?
slight extrinsic, deals with the ego
49
what is amotivation?
lack of perceived competence and value
50
what is intrinsic motivation?
engaging in an activity for personal reward/satisfaction
51
what is integration?
a form of intrinsic motivation, consistency in identification
52
Approach vs avoidance: What is approach?
playing to win
53
Approach vs avoidance: What is avoidance?
playing not to lose or to prevent the worse (harder to achieve due to low self esteem)
54
What is the self discrepancy theory?
selves (actual, ideal, ought) and discrepancies (the distance from goals resulting in tension and negative affects)
55
what is cognitive dissonance resolution?
discrepancy between two or more attitudes and behaviors; to resolve one must change attitude and behavior
56
what is a matched goal?
match and fulfill individual needs and values
57
What is the Hope Theory?
people who are hopeful feel more positive emotions "will power" and "way power"
58
what is affective forecasting?
predicting how it will feel after reaching a goal (impact bias due because ideals are not accurate/realistic)
59
what is beginner's mind?
avoiding prejudgement and being present in the moment
60
What is the Broaden and Build Theory?
start with positive emotions --> broaden novel thoughts and activities --> social support, resilience, skills, and knowledge --> ends with enhanced health, survival, and fulfillment
61
Emotional Intelligence: What is the four branch model?
intrapersonal and interpersonal; perceiving emotions, facilitating thoughts with emotions, understanding emotions, and hanging emotions
62
Emotional Intelligence: what is Emotional Regulation?
control of negative emotions, resist "fight or flight"
63
Expand on Emotional regulation
processing information, maintaining positive state, delaying gratification, and coping with changes; attentional control (attention focus, shifting, and control of thought)
64
What are components of the Ryff's Scale?
autonomy, environmental mastery (PERMA), personal growth, positive relations with others (PERMA), purpose in life (PERMA), and self-acceptance
65
what is the self determination theory (SDT)?
we all have the basic needs of competence (achievement/pride), relatedness (+connections with others), autonomy (free choice)
66
Why is the SDT theory important?
humans need nutrients to ensure growth, integrity, and well-being (to flourish)
67
What are examples of questions from Diener's Life Satisfaction Scale?
"In most ways my life is close to ideal" and "the conditions of my life are excellent"
68
What are ways to measure subjective wellbeing?
work, finances, friends, romance, PANAS, authentic (duchess) vs Pan-Am smile
69
What is PANAS?
Positive Affectivity and Negative Affectivity Schedule
positive (attentive, active, alert) and negative (hostile, irritable, ashamed, guilty)
70
what are the deficits of Global Self Report?
susceptible to distortion due to memory selectivity
71
what are retrospective measures?
diary, day reconstruction method, breaking day into episodes
72
what is Top-Down Theory?
bringing our tendencies toward positive interpretations to situations we encounter in life
73
components of Top-down theory?
role of personality and cognitions, the "lens"
"Glass half full or half empty"
dispositional optimism
74
what is Bottom-Up theory?
assessing demographics to create a summary of overall satisfaction
75
components of Bottom-Up theory?
"elements" of life and how they combine to indicate wellbeing, hedonic research approach, money, income, wealth, onset depression, money doesn't matter, men are generally happier
76
components of optimism as an explanatory style?
personalization (internal vs external), pervasiveness (specific vs universal), permanence (temporary vs permanent)
77
what do optimist think of negative events?
temporary, specific, external
78
what do pessimist think of negative events?
permanent, pervasive, and personal
79
ABCDE of learned optimism
describe the events, your beliefs, consequences, dispute, and energize
80
what was originally thought regarding self-esteem?
low self esteem was like a virus and raising it would cure social and individual problems
81
for teens high self esteem is associated with?
risky behavior
82
components of self esteem
high competence, authentic, high worth, defensive, low competence, low worth, conditional
83
Collective Self Esteem (CSE)
membership self esteem, private collective self-esteem, public collective self esteem, importance to identity
84
what is self esteem itself?
approval of others, appearance, competition, academic competence, family support, virtue, God's Love
85
Self Affirmations "money in the bank"
coping resources when life gets rough, absorbing blows to self esteem with minimal damage
86
Sociometer Theory
self esteem and self relations; fulfill biological needs needs for connection, evolution
87
what is self efficacy cognition?
you have the power to achieve desired effects based on your actions
88
What is Bandura's Social Cognition Theory?
observational learning, self efficacy (beliefs in ability to perform)
89
components of self control cognition?
internal and external locus
90
What are the Big Fie of subjective wellbeing?
extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, opens to experience, agreeableness
91
age and happiness
genetic temperament, frequency and intensity of emotions
92
Aging and Socioemotional Selectivity Theory?
time left in life and selection of goals, activities, regulation of emotions
93
how are relationships built?
active listening, forgiveness, mindfulness, and how we spend our money
94
Why does Lyubormirsky say happy and unhappy people live is different worlds?
post decision rationalism, self reflection (happy people don't dwell), speed of adaptation to negative events, and intensity and frequency of positive emotions
95
Components of Barbara Fredrickson's Positivity
relaxation strategy, loving kindness, stop ruminating, focus attention on sensory sensations
96
importance of leisure time?
deals with life satisfaction and well-being;
more time > money, bottom up predictor, mental and spiritual attitude, does not automatically increase well-being
97
what is flow and optimal experience?
being completely and fully involved in the tasks at that current moment (action follows action), complete holistic sensation
98
What are the eight parameters of flow?
merging action and awareness, completer concentration, sense of control, and loss of self consciousness
99
what are the stages from micro flow to intense flow
paying attention, interested attention, absorbed attention, merging
100
negative consequences of flow
reduced ability to monitor own behaviors or detect social cues; gaming addiction, risky behavior, killing in combat
101
what is mindfulness?
conscious awareness, open and receptive attitude
102
What is Mindful Based Stress Reduction (MBSR)
body scan, meditation, awareness of emotions, mindful eating, yoga, journaling, beginner's mind
103
Buddhist eight fold path?
right view (understanding), right thought, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, right concentration
104
Buddhist four noble truths?
truth of suffering, truth of cause of suffering, truth of the end of suffering, truth of the path that leads to the end of suffering
105
what scale measure mindful attention and awareness?
Mindfulness Attention and Awareness Scale (MAAS)
106
The langer mindfulness scale (trait)
flexibility, novelty seeking, novelty producing, and engagement; created new ways of thinking about life
107
what is buddhist definition of mindfulness?
awareness of ongoing experiences while creating a calm detachment from experience
108
how does mindfulness increase wellbeing?
increases metacognition perspective, reduce intense reactivity to highly arousing and emotional stimuli, and enhance emotional processing
109
what are qualities of mindfulness meditation?
non-judging, non striving, acceptance, patience, trust, active listening, and savoring
110
what is the importance of savoring?
headers stress, time pressures, focus on outcomes
111
What trait do men place more value on in relationships?
physical attractiveness
112
What trait do women place more value on in relationships?
traits that signify resources (wealth, ambitiousness, character, and status)
113
effects of marriage/long term committed relationships?
married people are happier and more satisfied with life, the quality of a marriage on well-bing is stronger for men, and improved health and longevity
114
what are the benefits of marriage?
sense of belongingness (sociometer theory, self determination theory), social support
115
what negative outcomes can the end of a marriage be linked to?
isolation, loneliness, higher rates of distress
116
hedonic leveling of happy people in relationships?
happy people have less to gain and more to lose
117
hedonic leveling of unhappy people in relationships?
unhappy people have more to gain and less to lose if widowed or divorced
118
What are the two factors of The Two Factor Love Theory?
passionate love and companionate love
119
what is passionate love
intense, exciting, and all consuming
120
components of passionate love
preoccupation with partner, idealization, sexual attraction, concerns for the other's problems, spending a lot of time together
121
what is companion love?
more stable, calm, and dependable
122
what is the love styles (love attitudes scale) scale?
the theory that love comes in six styles
123
what are the six styles ofthe love styles (love attitudes scale) scale?
eros, lupus, storge, mania, pragma, agape
124
eros love
passionate love
125
lupus love
uncommitted love
126
storge love
friendship love
127
mania love
obsessive love
128
pragma love
practical love
129
agape love
selfless love
130
how do women relate to the love styles (love attitudes scale) scale
passionate (eros) and altruistic (agape)
131
Sternberg's love triangle
passion, intimacy or liking, and commitment; triangle can be an size
132
Sternberg's love triangle: romantic love
intimate love and passionate love
133
Sternberg's love triangle: companionate love
intimate love and committed love
134
Sternberg's love triangle: fatuous love
passionate love and committed love
135
what causes attraction to others romantically?
proximity, physical attractiveness, attitude similarity, and reciprocity
136
what is mere repeated exposure effect?
greater number of exposure leads to greater like IF the first exposure was either neutral or positive
137
relationship between attractive people and social skills?
attractive people possess greater social skills, association leads to social profit
138
what is the similarity attraction hypothesis?
similar and dissimilar attitudes hold weight, social comparison and confirmation of beliefs is vital
139
hyper masculinity
violence is manly, danger is exciting, callous attitudes towards women
140
hyperfemininity
sexuality as a primary asset, success through men, accepts make aggression
141
attitude similarity; balance theory
P- focal individual, O- object, X- other individual (balance, non balance, imbalance)
142
stability/making a relationship last
friendship, expression of appreciation/gratitude, and association of positive affect with another
143
five components of enhancing closeness, intimacy, caring, and commitment
knowing and being known (dispositional authenticity), attributions, acceptance and respect, reciprocity, and continuity
144
social exchange theory?
individuals within couples are happier when the benefits are greater than the costs
145
Comparison Level (CL)
based on past relationship experiences
146
when CL is higher than CL-Alt
stay in relationship
147
when CL is lower than CL-Alt
leave relationship
148
relationships require
adaptability, flexibility, and ongoing desire to recommit
149
demand-withdraw pattern
where one partner is demanding and the other withdraws/avoids; criticism and complaint leased to defensiveness and ending with withdrawal
150
what makes a positive family?
warmth and respect, democratic decision making, emotional maturation and autonomy, and friendly and constructive relationships
151
what is positive health?
state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being
152
moderate intensity
The Talk Test (measures intensity); in a moderate activity you can talk but not sing
153
The Talk Test for an exercise
vigouris activity, unable to talk
154
self determination theory: work scale
competence (feeling like you can accomplish anything), autonomy, and relatedness
155
ways of living to maximize potential
self-actualization, esteem, love and belonging, safety needs, physiological needs
156
fully function person (PERMA): authenticity scale
authentic living accepting external influences, self-alienation
157
fully function person (PERMA): aspiration index
self acceptance, affiliations (relationships), community (bettering society), financial success, and organismic valuing process
