Exam 2 chapters 17/18

Question 1

what is epidemiology

Answer 1

is defined as the study of the distribution and determinants of health related states or event in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems

Question 2

what is in epidemiology

Answer 2

distribution
determinant
application

Question 3

distribution

Answer 3

frequency- prevalence, incidence, mortality rates

patterns- person, place, time

Question 4

determinant

Answer 4

defined characteristics- associated with change in health

Question 5

application

Answer 5

translation- knowledge to practice

Question 6

Frequency

physical activity measurements definition

Answer 6

relates to the number of times per week or year that one is physically active

Question 7

Duration

physical activity measurements definition

Answer 7

refers to the time spent in a specific activity as hours or minutes per session

Question 8

intensity

physical activity measurements

Answer 8

refers to the difficulty of an activity and is generally classified as light, moderate, or vigorous.

Question 9

Dose

physical activity measurements definition

Answer 9

refers to combination of the frequency, intensity, and duration of physical activity and is expressed as kcal/day, MET- hour/day, minutes on a treadmill graded exercise test, or other units.

Question 10

physically active

physical activity measurements definition

Answer 10

is a global term that is defined as all movements produced by the the contraction of skeletal muscle that substantially increase energy expenditure.

Question 11

exercise

physical activity measurements definition

Answer 11

is planned, structured, and repetitive bodily movements done to improve or maintain one or more components of physical fitness

Question 12

physical fitness

physical activity measurements definition

Answer 12

is a multidimensional concept associated with a set of attributes that people have or achieve that relates to the ability to perform physical activity

Question 13

leisure

physical activity measurements definition

Answer 13

is a concept that includes the elements of free choice, freedom from constraints intrinsic motivation, enjoyment, relaxation, personal involvement, and opportunity for self expression

Question 14

volitional

physical activity measurements definition

Answer 14

physical activity refers to activities done for a purpose in either structured or unstructured settings.

Question 15

spontaneous

physical activity measurements definition

Answer 15

physical activity refers to brief periods of movement that results in energy expenditure through fidgeting, gesticulation or unintentional short accumulated periods of movement

Question 16

epidemiological study designs

Answer 16

descriptive 
analytical 
cross sectional designs
ecological 
cohort studies

Question 17

ecological designs

Answer 17

use existing data sources for both exposure and disease outcomes to compare and contrast rates of disease by specific characteristics of an entire population

Question 18

what are advantages of a cohort study? p. 335

Answer 18

1 the temporal sequence between exposure and outcome is clearly defined. exposure assessment are obtained before disease onset, this is the primary
2 good for rare exposures.
3 good fro understanding the multiple effects of a single exposure

Question 19

what are some disadvantages of cohort?

Answer 19

1 you have to keep track of large portion of people and can create bias in the study
2 also there might be too much data and it isnt going to go through

Question 20

3 criteria for establishing cause and effect

Answer 20

1 the cause must precede the effect in time
2 the cause and effect must be correlated with each other
3 the correlation between cause and effect cannot be explained by another variable

Question 21

application of this logic is… p. 346

Answer 21

1 selection of a good theroetical framework
2 use of appropriate participants
3 application of an appropriate experimental design
4 proper selection and control of the independent variable ( treatment)
5 appropriate selection and measurement of the dependent variable
6 use of the correct statistical model and analysis
7 correct interpretation of the results

Question 22

threats to internal validity

Answer 22

History 
maturation
testing
instreumentaion
statistical regression
selsction biases 
experimental morality
selection
expectancy

Question 23

History

threats to internal validity

Answer 23

events that are not part of the treatment

Question 24

Maturation

threats to internal validity

Answer 24

processes within the participants that operates as a result of time passing ( hunger, aging, fatigue)

Question 25

Testing | threats to internal validity

Answer 25

the effects of one test on subsequent administrations of the same test

Question 26

instrumentation | threats to internal validity

Answer 26

changes in instrument calibratin, including lack of agreement within and between observers

Question 27

statistical regression | threats to internal validity

Answer 27

the fact that groups selected based on extreme scores are not as extreme on subsequent testing

Question 28

selection bias | threats to internal validity

Answer 28

choosing comparison groups in a nonrandom manner

Question 29

experimental mortality | threats to internal validity

Answer 29

loss of participants from comparison groups fro nonrandom reasons

Question 30

selection maturation interaction | threats to internal validity

Answer 30

the passage of time affecting one group but no the other in nonequivalent group designs

Question 31

expectancy | threats to internal validity

Answer 31

experimenters or testers anticipating that certain participants will perform better - OR influencing them

Question 32

controlling threats to internal validity

Answer 32

- randomization - real randomization - matched pairs ( non matched groups ) - randomizing treatments or counter balancing - placebos - blind setups - double blind set up - reactive effect of testing: eleiminat pretest - instrumentation - calibration and test reliability - halo effects ?? - just keeping subjects

Question 33

threats to external validity

Answer 33

- reactive or interactive effects of testing - interaction of selection bias and the experimental treatment - reactive effects f experimental arrangements - multiple treatment interference

Question 34

reactive or interactive effects of testing | threats to external validity

Answer 34

the pretest may make the particiapnt more aware of or sensitive to the upcoming treatment. as a result the treatment is not as effective without the pre test.

Question 35

interaction of selection bias and the experimental treatment (threats to external validity )

Answer 35

when a group is selected on some characteristic, the treatment may work only on groups possessing that characteristic

Question 36

reactive effects f experimental arrangements | threats to external validity

Answer 36

treatments that are effective in constrained situation may not be effective in less constrained settings

Question 37

multiple treatment interference | threats to external validity

Answer 37

when participants receive more than one treatment, the effects of previous treatments may influence subsequent one

Question 38

controling threats to external validity

Answer 38

- selecting from larger populations - participants - treatments - situations - ecological validity: does the setting capture the essence of the real world ?

Question 39

review journals ( there are 2)

Answer 39

- pabcio | - and the other one