Exam 2 (Chapters 8 & 10 Coleman)

Question 1

Cognition

Answer 1

how information is processed and manipulated when remembering, thinking, and knowing

Question 2

Thinking

Answer 2

the process of manipulating information mentally by forming concepts, solving problems, making decisions, and reflecting critically or creatively

Question 3

Concepts

Answer 3

mental categories used to group objects, events, and characteristics

Question 4

Formal Concepts

Answer 4

concepts that have a rigid set of rules or parameters for membership

Question 5

natural concepts

Answer 5

concepts that develop through our own experiences in the world

Question 6

Prototype Model

Answer 6

model emphasizing that when people evaluate whether a given item reflects a certain concept

Question 7

Problem Solving

Answer 7

the mental process of finding an appropriate way to attain a goal when the goal is not readily available

Question 8

Subgoals

Answer 8

intermediate goals or intermediate problems devised to put the individual in a better position for reaching the final goal or solution

Question 9

Algorithms

Answer 9

strategies, including formulas, instructions, and the testing of all possible solutions, that guarantee a solution to a problem

Question 10

Heuristics

Answer 10

shortcuts strategies and guidelines that suggest a solution to a problem but do not guarantee an answer

Question 11

Fixation

Answer 11

using a prior strategy and failing to look at a problem from a new perspective

Question 12

Functional Fixedness

Answer 12

falling to solve a problem as a result of fixation on an object’s usual functions (ignoring unusual functions)

Question 13

Reasoning

Answer 13

mental activity of transforming information to reach conclusion

Question 14

Inductive Reasoning

Answer 14

reasoning from specific observations to make generalizations

Question 15

Deductive Reasoning

Answer 15

reasoning from a general case that is known to be true to a specific instance

Question 16

Decision Making

Answer 16

evaluating alternatives and making choices among them

Question 17

• System I-Automatic

Answer 17

rapid, heuristic, associative, intuitive, Intuition

Question 18

• System II-Controlled

Answer 18

slower, effortful, analytical

Question 19

Loss Aversion

Answer 19

prefer avoiding losses over acquiring gains

Question 20

Framing

Answer 20

the way a decision or problem is presented

Question 21

Endowment effect

Answer 21

ascribing greater value to things they already own than objects owned by someone else

Question 22

Sunk Cost Fallacy

Answer 22

reluctance to give up on a venture because of past investment

Question 23

Confirmation Bias

Answer 23

search only for and use information that supports our ideas, but none that refutes them

Question 24

Hindsight Bias

Answer 24

report falsely that we predicted an outcome after the fact

Question 25

Availability Heuristic

Answer 25

predict probability based on ease of recalling or imagining similar event

Question 26

Dunning-Kruger Effect

Answer 26

occurs when people with little of no knowledge greatly overestimate their knowledge

Question 27

Representativeness Heuristic

Answer 27

make judgements based on stereotypes

Question 28

Bias Blind Spot

Answer 28

notice other biases in others but not in self

Question 29

Critical Thinking

Answer 29

thinking reflectively and productively and evaluating the evidence

Question 30

Mindfulness

Answer 30

state of being alert and mentally present for one's everyday activities

Question 31

Open-Mindedness

Answer 31

state of being receptive to other ways of looking at things

Question 32

Creativity

Answer 32

the ability to think about something in novel and unusual ways to devise unconventional solutions to problems

Question 33

Divergent Versus Convergent Thinking

Answer 33

- Divergent: many solutions - Convergent: single best solution

Question 34

Intelligence

Answer 34

all-purpose ability to do well on cognitive tasks, solve problems, learn from experience

Question 35

Spearman's General Intelligence

Answer 35

represents a broad mental capacity that influences performance on mental tasks

Question 36

Fluid Intelligence

Answer 36

the ability to think and reason abstractly and solve problems

Question 37

Crystallized intelligence

Answer 37

the ability to use learned skills, knowledge, and experience

Question 38

Social Intelligence

Answer 38

ability to negotiate new social environments

Question 39

Emotional Intelligence

Answer 39

a person's ability to perceive, understand, manage, and utilize his or her emotions

Question 40

Gardner's Multiple Intelligences

Question 41

Verbal

Answer 41

ability to think in words and use language to express meaning

Question 42

Mathematical

Answer 42

ability to carry out mathematical operations

Question 43

Spatial

Answer 43

ability to think three-dimensionally

Question 44

Body Kinesthetic

Answer 44

ability to manipulate objects and to be physically adept

Question 45

Musical

Answer 45

ability to be sensitive to pitch, melody, rhythm, and tone

Question 46

Interpersonal

Answer 46

ability to understand and interact effectively with others

Question 47

Intrapersonal

Answer 47

ability to understand oneself

Question 48

Naturalistic

Answer 48

ability to observe patterns in nature and understand natural and human-made systems

Question 49

Existentialist

Answer 49

ability to grapple with the big questions of human existence with special sensitivity to issues of spirituality

Question 50

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

Question 51

Validity

Answer 51

extent to which a test measures what it intends to measure

Question 52

Reliability

Answer 52

extent to which the test yields a consistent measure that can be reproduced

Question 53

Standardization

Answer 53

developing uniform procedures for administering and scoring a test, as well as creating norms

Question 54

Norms

Answer 54

performance standards for particular test and are created as a way of interpreting scores

Question 55

Mental Age (MA)

Answer 55

level of mental development relative to that of others for a particular age group

Question 56

Chronological age (CA)

Answer 56

the actual age from birth of the individual

Question 57

Wechsler Scales

Answer 57

assess vocabulary, working memory capacity, math abilities, solving puzzles, comprehension, etc.

Question 58

Normal Distribution