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Fluids > Exam 2 Conceptual > Flashcards

Exam 2 Conceptual Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

What are the two ways that engineers characterize the rate of flow

A

mass flow rate and volume flow rate

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2
Q

volume flow rate is the ratio of _______ to _____ at an instant in time

A

volume, time

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3
Q

volume flow rate is often called what?

A

discharge

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4
Q

when flow varies across the section, _________ integrated over __________ _______ gives discharge

A

velocity, section area

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5
Q

mass flow rate is the ratio of ______ to _____ at an instant in time

A

mass, time

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6
Q

3 flow rate equation categories

A

algebraic, dot product, integration

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7
Q

conversion from volume flow rate to mass flow rate

A

multiply Q by density to get mass flow rate

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8
Q

systems can be classified into two categories

A

closed system, and open system (control volume)

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9
Q

control volume types

A

fixed CV, moving CV, and deforming CV

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10
Q

closed system (aka control mass) is a _____ collection of matter that the engineer selects for analysis

A

fixed

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11
Q

mass cannot cross the boundary of a _______ ________

A

closed system

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12
Q

the boundary of a _______ _______ can move and deform

A

closed system

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13
Q

closed system is a _________ concept

A

lagrangian

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14
Q

control volume (aka open system) is a ________ volumetric region in space that is selected for analysis

A

specified

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15
Q

matter inside a control volume is usually ________ with time because mass is flowing across the boundaries

A

changing

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16
Q

control volume is a ___________ concept

A

eulerian

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17
Q

when a fixed CV is defined this means that the shape of the CV and volume are _______ with time

A

constant

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18
Q

when a deforming CV is defined, the shape of the CV and its volume _______ with time

A

change

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19
Q

intensive properties

A

any property that is independent of matter present

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20
Q

many intensive properties are obtained by taking the ______ of two _______ properties

A

ratio, extensive

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21
Q

extensive properties

A

any property that depends on the amount of matter present

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22
Q

mass, momentum, energy and weight are ________ properties

A

extensive

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23
Q

Reynolds Transport Theorem allow us to use _____ system and control volume concepts to describe fluid motion

A

both

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24
Q

RTT is an equation that relates a derivative term for a _______ system to the corresponding terms for a _______ volume

A

closed, control

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25
RTT balances the rate of change of an extensive property of a system of fluid as the fluid system passes through a _______ ________
control volume
26
the continuity equation is the law of ___________ of _____ applied to a control volume
conservation, mass
27
the accumulation term in the continuity equation describes the changes in the ______ of ________ inside the CV with respect to time
quantity of mass
28
efflux = _________ - ___________
outflow, inflow
29
accumulation = ________ - _________
inflow, outflow
30
cavitation is a situation where a ________ starts to boil due to _____ ________
liquid, low pressure
31
Cavitation takes place when fluid pressure at a given point in a system _____ to the ______ ________
drops, vapor pressure
32
cavitation is most likely to occur at locations with low pressures ______ elevation points locations with _____ velocities the suction (inlet) side of pumps
high, high
33
A _______ is an interaction between two bodies of matter that can be idealized as a ______ or _____ of one body on another
force, push or pull
34
the force interaction can result in __________ or ____________
acceleration, equilibrium
35
Newton's third law:
for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
36
________ is the net upward push of the air due to ________ on the wings
lift force, pressure
37
_______ is the gravitational body force on the plane
weight
38
_________ is the net resistive force of the air on the plane
drag force
39
_________ is the net horizontal push of the air from the engines
thrust force
40
What are the two types of forces
surface force (contact force) and body force
41
surface force (contact force) is a force that requires ________ _________ or touching between interacting bodies
physical contact
42
body force is a force that acts _________ ________ contact
without, physical
43
body force acts on ________ ________ in a system
every particle
44
surface force acts only on the particles that are in __________ _________ with the interacting body
physical contact
45
the conservation of momentum uses what law:
newtons third law
46
in momentum flow calculations it is important to keep track of signs from BOTH _________ of the velocity vector and if the flow is ______ or _______
direction, inlet, outlet
47
when a CV is stationary with respect to earth, the accumulation term is nearly always _____ or ____________
zero, negligible
48
vane is a structural component, typically thin, that is used to _______ a fluid jet
turn
49
for vanes assume that ____=_____=_____
v1, v2, v3
50
as a jet exits to the atmosphere the pressure in the jet will be _____ or __________ by applying _______ equation
zero, negligible, Euler's
51
Nozzles have a pressure force where the nozzle ________, the pressure force is ____________ and acts toward the nozzle
shrinks, compressive
52
pipe bends have pressure forces that act ________ the bend and are ____________
towards, compressive
53
what is the integral form of mass flow rate and volumetric flow rate
Q= Integral (V*dA) m= Integral (pV*dA)
54
RTT: A system (also called a ________ system) is a quantity of matter of ______ identity - no mass can cross a system boundary
closed, fixed
55
RTT: A control volume (also called an _____ system) is a region in space chosen for study - mass ____ cross a control surface (the surface of the control volume)
open, can
56
RTT: in most fluid mechanics problems, _________ volume analysis is preferred over _________ analysis (for the same reason that the __________ description is usually preferred over the __________ description)
Eulerian, Lagrangian
57
RTT: therefore, we need to _______ the conservation laws from a system to a control volume and this is done with __________ __________ _________
transform, Reynold's Transport Theorem
58
if mass flow rate in is bigger than mass flow rate out?
h increases then the level rises
59
if mass flow rate out is bigger than mass flow rate in:
h decreases then the level decreases
60
for low flow rates there is a relatively _______ drop in pressure at the restriction so water remains _______ vapor pressure and boiling ________ occur
small, above, doesn't
61
as the flow rate _________ the pressure at the restriction becomes progressively _______ until a flow rate is reached where the pressure is ________ to vapor pressure
increases, lower, equal
62
Energy is the property of a system that characterizes the amount of ______ a system can do on its __________
work, environment
63
Types of energy:
mechanical energy, thermal energy, chemical energy, electrical energy, nuclear energy
64
_________ energy is the energy associated with __________ plus the energy associated with ________ in a field
mechanical, motion, position
65
__________ energy is the energy associated with _________ changes and ________ changes
thermal, temperature, phase
66
___________ energy is the energy associated with __________ bonds between elements
chemical, chemical
67
__________ energy is the energy associated with __________ charge
electrical, electrical
68
_________ energy is the energy associated with the ________ of the particles in the nucleus of an atom
nuclear, binding
69
power expresses a rate of ______ or _______
work, energy
70
power has the units of _________ per ______
energy, time
71
A turbine is a machine that is used to _________ energy from a flowing fluid
extract
72
a pump is a machine that is used to ________ energy to a flowing fluid
provide
73
__________ extracts energy from a flowing fluid ________ injects energy into a flowing fluid
turbine, pump
74
________: the energy of the system can be changed by work interactions at the boundary
work
75
_______ _________: the energy of the system can change by heat transfor across the boundary
heat transfer
76
* 𝑊 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑊 are ________ if work is done by the system on the surroundings. * 𝑊 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑊 are ________ if work is done by the surroundings on the system. * 𝑄 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄 are ________ if heat (i.e., thermal energy) is transferred into the system. * 𝑄 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄 are ________ if heat (i.e., thermal energy) is transferred out of the system.
positive, negative, positive, negative
77
Head can be thought of as a the ratio of _______ to _______ for a fluid particle or ratio of _________ per time to ________ __________ times the discharge that is passing across a control surface
energy, weight, energy, specific weight
78
head loss is the conversion of useful __________ energy into waste ________ energy through viscous action
mechanical, thermal
79
Hydraulic Grade Line is a plot of the height, where z is plotted relative to an arbitrary ________ and (density/specific weight) is relative to a pipe ___________
datum, centerline
80
Energy Grade Line is the plow of the total ________ content
energy
81
HGL - __________________ EGL - ___________________
hydraulic grade line energy grade line
82
EGL is a line that indicates the ________ ___________ at each location in a system
total head
83
since HGL gives the piezometric head, the HGL will be coincident with the _________ _________ in a piezometer
liquid surface
84
the EGL will be coincident with the ________ __________ in a stagnation tube
liquid surface
85
a pump will ________ the EGL and HGL by the pump head hp
increase
86
HGL is ________ to EGL
parallel
87
EGL and HGL slope __________ towards the flow directions
downward
88
a turbine will ___________ the EGL and HGL by the turbine head ht
decreases
89
for steady flow in a pipe of constant diameter the EGL and HGL will be __________
constant
90
a nozzle discharging to the atmosphere will __________ the velocity head and slightly ________ the head loss
increase, increase

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