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Clinical Psych > Exam 2 Content > Flashcards

Exam 2 Content Flashcards

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1
Q

sleep issues are often overlooked as

A

risk factors!! anxiety depression academic issues etc.

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2
Q

how does sleep impact anxiety disorder

A

cant fall or stay asleep

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3
Q

how does sleep impact PTSD

A

nightmares or insomnia

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4
Q

how does sleep impact bipolar disorder

A

reduced need to sleep when manic
hypersomnia in depression

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5
Q

dyssomnias

A

problem with hours of sleep or quality of sleep
issue with circadian rhythm causing timing of good sleep

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6
Q

parasomnias

A

non rem sleep behavior disorder
- sleep walking or night terros

rem sleep disorder
- nightmare or sleep paralysis

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7
Q

the behavioral approach to sleep

A

-rapid reversibility
-place preference or position
- increased arousal threshold
-homeostatic regulation
-circadian regulation typical

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8
Q

what is polysomnography measurement

A

electrooculogram : eye movement
electromyogram : muscle
electrocardiogram : heart activity

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9
Q

what is actigraphy

A

physical activity data to estimate sleep wake

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10
Q

what is the multisensor consumer device

A

physical activity
heart rate
breathing

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11
Q

what is the circadian

A

internal clock is synchronized to external cues

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12
Q

what is process S

A

“sleep”
accumulation of sleep inducing substance in the brain

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13
Q

is process s an internal or external system

A

an internal biochemical system that generates a homeostatic sleep drive or need to wakeup

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14
Q

what is the process C

A

“circadian”

the regulation of the body’s internal biological process and alertness level

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15
Q

what does process c control

A

the timing of sleep and it coordinates the light dark cycle of day and night

regulate sleep patterns and core body temps

accumulate adenosine in process s but prevents it from being used until melatonin is released

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16
Q

what is the sleep wake cycle

A

process s and c working together
homeostatic sleep drive increase during day

sleep gate opens and melatonin produce

while asleep homeostatic drive dissapates

in early morning melatonin stops and circadian begins to wake you up

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17
Q

how does sleep impact academic performance

A

sleep quality, duration, and consistency align with better grades

restricting sleep causes difficulty paying attention and do not encode info well

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18
Q

is risk for suicide higher or lower at night

A

higher

really about being awake when person is not prepared to be awake

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19
Q

biological and sleep

A

what biological functions do not benefit from a good night sleep

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20
Q

what is insomnia disorder short term vs chronic

A

short term = present for less than 3 months

long term= present for more than 3 months

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21
Q

what are the three main factors that at least one must be present in insomnia disorder

A
  • difficulty initiating sleep
  • difficulty maintaining sleep
  • waking up earlier than desired
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22
Q

what are other symptoms that may be present (1 or more) in insomnia

A

-Fatigue/malaise
-Concentration or memory impairment
-Impaired social, family, occupational, or academic performance
-Reduced motivation/energy/ initiative
-Proneness for errors/accidents
-Concerns about or dissatisfaction with sleep
-Complaints not explained by inadequate opportunity or circumstances
- Sleep disturbance and associated daytime symptoms occur at least 3 times/week

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23
Q

what is the two process model

A

2 separate systems that govern our sleep

determine how healthy our sleep is

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24
Q

what does adenosine do

A

accumulates in the brain and makes us sleepy

in process s

sleep pressure or sleep drive (head hits the pillow your falling asleep)

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25
process c mostly talks about what
timing when process c is able to do its job
26
homeostatic sleep drive ... througout the day, but is .... by circadian drive for arousal
increases countered
27
when .... goes down .... goes up
melatonin cortisol
28
is there a relationship between sleep measures on the single night before a test and test performance
no
29
why is it so hard to fall sleep sunday night
sleeping in saturday from going out friday go out saturday sleep in sunday try to go to bed early on sunday and cant havent been awake long enough to have a sleep drive!
30
when is sleep paralysis most likely to happen
during sleep deprivation or high stress common during naps
31
what happens to out neurons when we sleep
they shrink creating gutters, cerebro spinal fluid gets shunted through the brain and channels removing metabolic waste
32
what plays a big role in grades the week before an exam
consistent sleep!
33
a lack of sleep can (increase/decrease) risk of developing a cold when exposed
INCREASE
34
what do we mean for disorder
the critera has been met
35
sleep disorders are a downstream .... of an upstream ......
symptom, problem
36
prodrome /prodromal
symptom predicting that something else is there tickle in throat when not sick yet drinking water at night before u wake with strep
37
when sleep falls apart it is often a
prodromal symptom for something else l.;
38
premorbid
before disease
39
premorid is same as blank in insomnia
diathesis make us vulnerable to developing insomnia
40
rumination
thinking about something often in the past
41
precipitating
life events that cause
42
perpetuating factor
anything that maintains the disorder ex: isolating yourself perpetuates depression
43
engaging in other activities other than sleep in bed can
lead to brain thinking what are we doing here expect other actives in bed to occur conditioned arousal to be awake in bed
44
pavlovian sleep
sleep related stimuli are repeated paired with wakefulness conditioned arousal
45
what is cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia
4-8 weeks stimulates control stimulates restriction address cognitive issue that contribute to hyper-arousal outperforms medication in the long term
46
what is stimulus control
bed is for sleep if not in bed
47
what is sleep restriction
consolidate sleep by increasing homeostatic drive to sleep by maintaining consistent schedule in and out of bed
48
sleep restriction = which process
process s
49
as you increase the monitoring of your sleep
sleep quality goes down
50
medications for sleep
ambien lunesta belsomra sedating antidepressants canabis melatonin
51
anxitey tends to be in more of a .... time
future
52
anxiety can help us
prepare
53
with anxiety there is always a
trigger misinterpretation of threat
54
if avoidance is part of the problem
exposure is part of the solution
55
primary avoidance
obvious
56
secondary avoidance
some kind of safety behavior present when primary avoidance is not avalible
57
what is panic disorder
reaccurent unexpected panic attack at least a month of worry about future attacks
58
panic disroder
most common in 20-40 y o comorbididly with mmd agorophobia and substance use
59
panic disorder - biolgoical
adrenaline and norepinephrine increase misfiring of fight or flight
60
brain structure panic disorder include
misriring of fight or flight amgdyla hormonal brain and neuronal piece
61
what is the labratory task used to provoke panic attacks in people
co2 challenge inhaling oxygen diluted with co2
62
what are the brain regions that cause misfiring = panic attack
amygdala locus ceriluous prefrontal cortex
63
what does brain acidocious do
help us understand why our brain does things irregular
64
larger dose of lactic acid
change brain acidocious
65
what is a possible cause of panic disorder
will have a panic attack with co2 challange cannot clear lactic acid
66
what are panic disorder medications
ssri antidepressants- reduce brain acidosoious SNRI - serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibit. bring improvement to 80% of people with panic meds
67
what is an ssri
panic disorder meds that - reduce brain acidosoious
68
what is snri
panic disorder meds that serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibit.
69
how many people see improvement with panic medicine
80%
70
what is anxiety sensitivity
belief that bodily sensations are harmful or changes are negative
71
what is interoceptive awareness
heighten awareness of bodily cues and sensations that may signal a panic attack is coming
72
what is interoceptive conditioning
bodily cues that occurred at beginning of last panic attack that become a conditioned stimulus signaling a new attack
73
what kind of conditioning is interoceptive conditioning
CLASSICAL
74
panic attack alarm reaction
rapic heart rate heart palpitations shortness of breath smothering ches pain or numbness
75
cognitive response in panic disorder
symptoms interpreted as dangerous or ability to cope is questioned
76
order of cognitive behavioral model of panic disorder
alarm reaction cognitive response (conditioned response to the change) interception increased anxiety and fear
77
what is panic control treatment
type of cognitive behavioral therapy
78
how does panic control treatment work
education- tell people about disorder and then they share their own experience with disorder generate multiple interpretations of bodily sensations -
79
what is interoceptive exposures
exposure to internal sensations
80
how does interoceptive exposure work
provide opportunities to examine negative predictions about internal sensations increase tolerance to sensation engage in systematic exercises that induce fear internal sensations
81
what is the unified model of panic disorder
fear stimulus/ trigger : always cued misinterpretation of threat : avoidant coping : either primary of avoidance of trigger or secondary avoidance of engaging in safety behaviors such as carrying around a medication absence of corrective learning : fear is maintained / strengthened
82
what are the critera for specific phobias
persistent fear that is excessive that occurs from either presence or anticipation of presence leads to immediate anxiety response leading to avoidance or endurance with intense distress avoidance causes disturbance to the persons life fear is persistent lasting for more than 6 months
83
types of specific phobias
animal natural environment situational type blood-injection - injury type (only one where you are more likely to pass out than panic attack, run in the family )
84
how many people in us have phobia
12.5% females outnumber males 2:1
85
females DO NOT outweighs males in what phobias
blood injection injury type heights clautraphobia
86
t or f many people seek treatment for phobias
false super uncommon
87
what is social anxiety disorder
severe persistent unreasonable fear of social performance scrutiny or evaluation may occur
88
what critera does social anxiety have to meet to be diagnosed
lasting six months or more one or more social situations fear of being negatively evaluated anxiety is provoked avoid feared situations distress or impairment
89
how many adults are impacted by social anxiety
7.1%
90
females out number males in social anxiety ...
3:2
91
when does social anxiety develop
late childhood and adolescence rarely occurs for first time after age of 25
92
what is a negative belief
strongly held beliefs about inadequacy in social and or performance related situations
93
emotional reasoning is
feeling embarrassed which must mean i did something embarrassing and therefore there must be something to be embarrassed about
94
misinterpretation of threat in social anxiety
overestimating the likelihood of negative outcomes catastophizing
95
avoidance coping in social anxiety
primary avoidance- avoid triggers all together secondary avoidance - engaging in safety behavior when cant avoid
96
what is absence of corrective learning social anxiety
new learning does not occur and the fear of negative scrutiny is maintained
97
what is etiology of phobias
direct learning - following a negative encounter observational learning- seeing it happen to others informational learning- hearing about situations classical conditioning - due to an association with fear or panic
98
what causes phobias
possible evolutionary preparedness inherited tendency to fear situations have always been dangerous to humans
99
phobias are maintained through avoidance what is part of the solution
exposure
100
what is systematic desensitization
teach relaxation create fear hierarchy pair relaxation with the feared objects 1-5 times
101
how to know what to put on an exposure hierarchy
what people avoid
102
for blood injection injury type phobia why do we not pair relaxation with this therapy
argue people are too relaxed causing them to pass out instead use applied muscle tension tense large muscle groups and hold it for a few mins, jack up blood pressure so takes more to make you pass out.
103
what are other behavioral treatments for phobias
flooding - nongradual exposure modeling- therapist confronts feared object while a fearful person observes key is actual contact with feared object or situation
104
ocd critera
obsessions (private mental event) intrusive thought desire to avoid thought do something about it
105
behavior in ocd
rituals driven to perform due to rules that must be applied in a certain way
106
negative reinforcment in ocd
removing the need as taking away a bad experiance
107
obession is the thoguht... is the act
compulsion
108
ocd themes
aggression contamination sexual ideation religious concerns need for symmetry or order need to know
109
ruminiative distress in ocd lasts for about
an hour
110
is there a big seperation between compulsion and action
no
111
what circutry is involved in ocd
orbitofrontal coretex basal ganglia CSTC loop loops become hyperactive become more hyperactive every time give into compulsion
112
new onset ocd
trauma in the CSTC loop can cause a new hyperactive energy
113
neurosurgery for ocd?
lesion the loop involved in ocd, deminishes the compulsions not common at all
114
what is though action fusion
belief that thinking it makes it more likely to be the case or to happen fused with belief that having the thought is the equivalent of carrying out the action
115
treatment for ocd
exposure with reponse prevention CBT
116
CBT for panic disorder
systematic desensytisation panic control treatment
117
what is exposure with repsonse prevention
ocd exposure to situations that elicit obsessions practice not engaging in compulsive behaviors promote extinction begin with less taxing stimuli
118
take home message from ocd article
find a therapist who is properly trained in ocd treatment
119

Clinical Psych (4 decks)

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