Exam 2 Contents

Question 1

What is motivation

Answer 1

A set of energetic forces that originate within and outside an employee that initiates work-related effort and determines its direction, intensity, and persistence

Question 2

Meaning of Money

Answer 2

people can attain:
-achievement
-respect
-freedom

Question 3

What is Expectancy Theory?

Answer 3

Motivation is fostered when the employee believes three things

-effort will result in performance
-performance will result in outcomes
-outcomes will be valuable

Question 4

What is Instrumentality?

Answer 4

the belief that successful performance will result in certain outcomes

Question 4

Expectancy Theory (definition)

Answer 4

The belief that a high level of effort will lead to the successful performance of a task

Question 5

What is Valence

Answer 5

the anticipated value of outcomes

-ranges from -1 to 1

Question 6

What does Maslow’s theory state?

Answer 6

Physiological, Safety & Security, Belongingness, esteem, & self-actualization are the basic needs of human ranking in that order from bottom to top

Question 7

What does Alderfer’s ERG theory say?

Answer 7

existence, relatedness, and growth are our basic need which relate to Maslow’s theory
- existence = physiological + safety & security
-relatedness = belongingness
-growth = esteem & self-actualization

Question 8

What does McClelland’s Theory of Needs say?

Answer 8

Achievement, power, & affiliation
-acquired these needs through early life experiences, you are not born with them
-a person is motivated by one of these three things

Question 9

What is Goal Setting Theory?

Answer 9

Motivation is fostered when employees are given specific and difficult goals rather than no goals, easy goals, or “do your best” goals

Question 10

What are SMART goals?

Answer 10

-Specific
-Measurable
-Achievable
-Results-Based
-Time-Sensitive

Question 10

What is equity theeory

Answer 10

Motivation is maximized when an employee’s ratio of “outcomes” to “inputs” matches those of some “comparison other.”

Question 11

What are the types of Comparison others?

Answer 11

-Job Equity
-Company Equity
-Occupational Equity
-Educational Equity
-Age Equity

Question 12

What is psychological empowerment?

Answer 12

an intrinsic form of motivation derived from the belief that one’s work tasks are contributing to some larger purpose

Question 13

How is psychological empowerment fostered?

Answer 13

-Meaningfulness
-Self-determination
-Competence
-Impact

Question 14

Trust?

Answer 14

the willingness to be vulnerable to a trustee based on positive expectations about the trustee’s actions and intentions

trust= willing to be vulnerable

risk= actually becoming vulnerable

Question 15

Why is trust important?

Answer 15

-it is a firm’s reputation and one of its most prized possessions
-reputation reflects the prominence of a brand in the minds of the public and its perceived quality
-it can be easily damage

Question 16

What is Disposition-Based Trust

Answer 16

trust propensity
- a person is more willing to trust others than to be suspicious of them

Question 17

What is Affect-Based trust

Answer 17

-trust rooted in emotion rather than reason
-Based on an emotional bond with the trustee

Question 18

What is Cognition-Based trust

Answer 18

Trustworthiness - the characteristics or attributes of a trustee that inspire trust
-ability
-benevolence
-integrity

Question 19

What is justice?

Answer 19

-based on perceptions of fairness
*Justice-relevant acts can serve as behavioral evidence of trustworthiness

Question 20

What are the interpersonal justice rules?

Answer 20

respect and propriety

Question 21

what are the informational justice rules?

Answer 21

Justification & truthfulness

Question 22

What are the Distributive justice rules?

Answer 22

equity versus equality versus need

Question 23

What are the procedural justice rules?

Answer 23

-voice -correctability -consistency -bias suppression -representativeness -Accuracy

Question 24

What is Ethics?

Answer 24

The degree to which the behaviors of an authority are in accordance with generally accepted moral norms

Question 25

What is Moral Judgement

Answer 25

The process people use to determine whether a particular course of action is ethical or unethical

Question 26

What are the stages of cognitive moral development?

Answer 26

-Pre-conventional Stage: focuses on consequences of actions for the individual -Conventional Stage: references the expectations of one's family and society -principled stage: most advanced, uses a set of established moral principles

Question 27

What is Moral Intent & Behavior?

Answer 27

Moral Intent: reflects degree of commitment to the moral course of action ethical behavior: what does the person actually do?

Question 28

How Important is Trust

Answer 28

-significant predictor of an employee's ability to focus -influences citizenship behavior & counterproductive behavior

Question 29

What are economic exchange relationships?

Answer 29

-lack trust and are narrowly defined, quid pro quo obligations

Question 30

What are social exchange relationships?

Answer 30

have increased trust, and are characterized by mutual investment, going above and beyond expectations

Question 31

What is a trust dividend?

Answer 31

"When trust goes up, speed goes up, and costs go down" // Boost in performance because there is trust & boost in citizenship behavior

Question 32

What is a distrust tax?

Answer 32

"When trust goes down, speed goes down, and costs go up" // Decrease in performance because there is a lack of trust

Question 33

Figure 7-8 Effects of Trust on Performance and Commitment

Answer 33

Trust has a moderately positive effect on Performance Trust has a strong positive effect on commitment

Question 34

Stages of cognitive moral development.

Answer 34

preconventional, conventional, principled

Question 35

Preconventional stage

Answer 35

focuses on consequences of actions for the individual.

Question 36

Conventional stage

Answer 36

references the expectations of one's family and society.

Question 37

Principled stage

Answer 37

the most advanced, uses a set of defined, established moral principles.

Question 38

Moral intent:

Answer 38

reflects degree of commitment to the moral course of action.

Question 39

Ethical Behavior:

Answer 39

what does the person actually do?

Question 40

How Important Is Trust?

Answer 40

Trust is a significant predictor of an employee's ability to focus. Trust also influences citizenship behavior and counterproductive behavior

Question 41

Economic exchange

Answer 41

relationships lack trust, and are narrowly defined, quid pro quo obligations.

Question 42

Social exchange

Answer 42

relationships have increased trust, and are characterized by mutual investment, going above and beyond expectations.

Question 43

Importance of trust

Answer 43

Trust dividend vs. Distrust Tax

Question 44

Figure 7-8 Effects of Trust on Performance and Commitment

Answer 44

Trust has a moderately positive effect on Performance Trust has a strong positive effect on commitment

Question 45

Moral Judgment

Answer 45

The process people use to determine whether a particular course of action is ethical or unethical.

Question 46

Ethics

Answer 46

* Unethical behavior. * "Especially ethical" behavior * "Merely ethical" behavior.

Question 47

Ethics Definition

Answer 47

The degree to which the behaviors of an authority are in accordance with generally accepted moral norms.

Question 48

Justice

Answer 48

Based on perceptions of fairness. Justice-relevant acts can serve as behavioral evidence of trustworthiness

Question 49

Risk =

Answer 49

actually becoming vulnerable.

Question 50

Organizational Mechanisms

Answer 50

Organizational Structure Organizational Culture

Question 51

Why does money have such high value?

Answer 51

Achievement Respect Freedom

Question 52

Expectancy Theory: Motivation is fostered when the employee believes three things:

Answer 52

1) That effort will result in performance. 2) That performance will result in outcomes. 3) That those outcomes will be valuable

Question 53

Expectancy Theory

Answer 53

Effort -> Performance -> Reward the belief that a high level of effort will lead to the successful performance of a task.