Exam #2 (cumulative)

Question 1

what muscles are included in the deep layer of intrinsic back muscles?

Answer 1

Transversospinales muscle group (semispinalis, multifidus, rotatores)

• semispinalis is superficial
• multifidus is deeper
• rotatores are deepest

Question 2

what are the 3 divisions of the semispinalis muscles?

Answer 2

semispinalis:

• capitis
• cervicis
• thoracis

Question 3

which muscle is responsible for the longitudinal buldge on each side in the back of the neck near the median plane?

Answer 3

semispinalis capitis

Question 4

the rotatores muscles are best developed in which region?

Answer 4

thoracic

Question 5

the multifidus muscles are best developed in which region?

Answer 5

lumbar

Question 6

what is the origin, insertion, innervation, and action of the semispinalis muscles?

Answer 6

• origin: arise from transverse processes of C4-T10 vertebrae
• insertion: fibers run superiomedially to occipital bone and spinous processes in upper thoracic and cervical regions, spanning 4 to 6 segments
• innervated by the posterior rami of spinal nerves
• action: extend head and thoracic and cervical regions of vertebral column and rotates them contralaterally

Question 7

what is the origin, insertion, innervation, and action of the multifidus muscle?

Answer 7

• origin: arises from posterior sacrum, posterior superior iliac spine, aponeurosis of erector spinae, sacro-iliac ligaments, mammillary processes of lumbar vertebrae, transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae, and articular processes of C4-C7
• insertion: thickest in lumbar region, fibers pass obliquely superomedially to entire length of spinous processes of vertebrae located 2 or 4 segments superior to origin
• innervated by the posterior rami of spinal nerves
• action: unilateral contraction rotates contralateral side; stabilizes vertebrae during local movements of vertebral column

Question 8

what is the origin, insertion, innervation, and action of the rotatores muscles?

Answer 8

• origin: aride from transverse processes of vertebrae; are best developed in thoracic region
• insertion: fibers pass superomedially to attach to junction of lamina and transverse process or spinous process of vertebrae immediately (brevis) or 2 segments (longus) superior to vertebra of origin
• innervated by the posterior rami of spinal nerves
• action: may function as organs of proprioception; possibly stabilize vertebrae and assist with local extension and rotatory movements of vertebral column

Question 9

what is the origin, insertion, innervation, and action of the interspinales muscles?

Answer 9

origin: superior surfaces of spinous processes of cervical and lumbar vertebrae
- insertion: inferior surfaces of spinous processes of vertebrae superior to vertebrae of origin
- innervated by the posterior rami of spinal nerves
- action: aid in extension and rotation of vertebral column

Question 10

what is the origin, insertion, innervation, and action of the intertransversarii muscles?

Answer 10

origin: transverse processes of cervical and lumbar vertebrae
- insertion: transverse processes of adjacent vertebrae
- innervated by the posterior and anterior rami of spinal nerves
- action: aid in lateral flexion of vertebral column; acting bilaterally, stabilize vertebral column

Question 11

what is the origin, insertion, innervation, and action of the levatores costarum muscles?

Answer 11

origin: tips of transverse processes of C7 and T1-T11 vertebrae
- insertion: pass inferolaterally and insert on rib between its tubercle and its angle
- innervated by the posterior rami of spinal nerves
- action: elevate ribs, assisting in respiration; assist with lateral flexion of vertebral column

Question 12

where is the suboccipital triangle

Answer 12

-lies deep to the trapezius and semispinalis capitis muscles

Question 13

what are the boundaries and the contents of the suboccipital triangle?

Answer 13

• superomedially: rectus capitis posterior major
• superolaterally: obliquus capitis superior
• inferolaterally: obliquus capitis inferior
• floor: posterior atlanto-occipital membrane and posterior arch of C1
• roof: semispinalis capitis

-contents: vertebral artery and suboccipital nerve (C1)

Question 14

what is the only capitis muscle that does not attach to the cranium?

Answer 14

obliquus capitis inferior

-attachments are to the spinous process of the C2 vertebrae and the transverse process of the C1 vertebrae

Question 15

the head rotates to the right by the contraction of which muscles

Answer 15

• sternocleidomastoid

- semispinalis capitis

Question 16

the head rotates to the left by the contraction of which muscles?

Answer 16

• obliquus capitis inferior
• rectus capitis posterior (major and minor)
• longissimus capitis
• splenius capitis

Question 17

what is the distribution of the suboccipital nerve?

Answer 17

-muscles of the suboccipital triangle

Question 18

what is the distribution of the posterior rami of nerves

Answer 18

intrinsic back muscles and overlying skin adjacent to vertebral column

Question 19

the lower limbs are specialized for what functions?

Answer 19

• locomotion
• supporting body weight
• maintaining balance

Question 20

how many regions are there in the lower limb? name them

Answer 20

1) gluteal region: transitional zone between trunk and free lower limbs (includes buttocks and hip region)
2) femoral region: referred to as the thigh. includes most of the femur
3) knee region: includes distal femur. proximal tibia and fibula, and patella
4) leg region: connects knee and ankle joints, includes tibia, fibula, calf
5) ankle or talocrural region: includes narrow distal leg and ankle (talocrural) joint
6) foot region: tarsus, metatarsus, phalanges

Question 21

longest and heaviest bone in the body

Answer 21

femur

Question 22

the angle of inclination of the femoral head in the adult is from ___ to ___ degrees, averaging ___

Answer 22

115, 140, 126

Question 23

is the angle of the femoral head larger or lesser in females? why?

Answer 23

lesser, because of the increased width between the acetabulum and the greater obliquity of the shaft

Question 24

why is the angle of inclination of the femoral head advantageous to bipedal walkers? Why is it harmful?

Answer 24

• is allows greater mobility and flexibility
• it imposes considerable strain on the neck of the femur, fractures of the neck may occur in older people a a result of a slight stumble if the neck has been weakened by osteoporosis

Question 25

what is the function of the tibia

Answer 25

-weight bearing

Question 26

the fibula assists in weight bearing true or false?

Answer 26

false

Question 27

what connects the tibia and the fibula?

Answer 27

interosseous membrane

Question 28

what is the angle of inclination of the femoral head in a 3 year old child?

Answer 28

135 degrees

Question 29

what is the angle of inclination of the femoral head in older adults?

Answer 29

120 degrees

Question 30

how many tarsal bones are there

Answer 30

7

Question 31

what is the largest and strongest bone in the foot

Answer 31

calcaneous

Question 32

what is the superior surface of the talus called

Answer 32

the trochlea

Question 33

what is the bone in the foot that carries the weight of the body?

Answer 33

talus

Question 34

the _____ surface of the navicular projects to the tuberosity of the navicular

Answer 34

medial

Question 35

a prominant _____ tuberosity is what may cause foot pain when pressed against the medial part of the shoe

Answer 35

navicular

Question 36

all 3 cuneiforms articulate posteriorly with the navicular true of false?

Answer 36

true

Question 37

the metatarsus contain ___ long bones

Answer 37

5

Question 38

the ____ metatarsal is the longest

Answer 38

2nd

Question 39

how many phalanges do we have in 1 foot

Answer 39

14

Question 40

which bones in the pelvic region are we able to palpate from the surface of the skin?

Answer 40

- iliac crest - iliac tuberosity - anterior/posterior superior iliac spine - inguinal ligament - pubic crest - pubic symphysis - pubic tubercle - iliac tuberosity

Question 41

which areas of the femur are we able to palpate from the surface of the skin?

Answer 41

- greater trochanter - lateral epicondyle - medial epicondyle - patella - adductor tubercle

Question 42

which areas of the leg can we palpate from the surface of the skin?

Answer 42

- lateral/medial condyle of tibia - anterior tibial tubercle - head of fibula - neck of fibula - tibial tuberosity - anterior border and medial surface of tibia - lateral/medial malleolus - tuberosity of 5th metatarsal - tuberosity of navicular - calcaneal tuberosity

Question 43

the fascia lata attaches to and is continuous with:

Answer 43

- inguinal ligament, pubic arch, body of pubis, pubic tubercle, membranous layer of subcutaneous tissue - iliac crest - sacrum, coccyx, sacrotuberous ligament, ischial tuberosity - superficial aspects of knee bones

Question 44

what are the 3 compartments of the thigh and gluteal regions?

Answer 44

-anterior (extensor), medial (adductor), posterior (flexor)

Question 45

what is the main action of the anterior thigh muscles?

Answer 45

flexors of the hip, extensors of the knee

Question 46

chief flexor of the hip joint

Answer 46

iliopsoas

Question 47

what is the longest muscle of the body

Answer 47

sartorius

Question 48

the actions of the sartorius muscle are mainly synergist true or false?

Answer 48

true

Question 49

the medial muscles' primary function is what?

Answer 49

adduct the hip joint

Question 50

the medial muscles of the thigh are innervated primarily by which nerve?

Answer 50

obturator nerve

Question 51

the anterior thigh muscles of the thigh are primarily innervated by which nerve?

Answer 51

femoral nerve (except for psoas major = anterior rami of lumbar nerves)

Question 52

what is the proximal attachment, distal attachment, innervation, and action of the pectineus muscle?

Answer 52

proximal: superior ramus of pubis - distal: pectineal line of femur, inferior to lesser trochanter - innervated by the femoral nerve, may receive branches from obturator nerve - action: adducts and flexes hip joint, assist with medial rotation of the hip joint

Question 53

what is the proximal attachment, distal attachment, innervation, and action of the sartorius muscle?

Answer 53

- proximal: anterior superior iliac spine and superior part of notch inferior to it - distal: superior part of medial surface of tibia - innervated by the femoral nerve - action: flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates hip joint; flexes knee joint

Question 54

what is the proximal attachment, distal attachment, innervation, and action of the psoas major muscle?

Answer 54

- proximal: sides of T12-L5 vertebrae and discs between them; transverse processes of all lumbar vertebrae - distal: lesser trochanter of the femur - innervated by the anterior rami of lumbar nerves - action: acting with iliacus: flexing hip joint and stabilizing this joint; acting alone: postural muscle that helps control deviation of the trunk and is active during standing

Question 55

what is the proximal attachment, distal attachment, innervation, and action of the iliacus?

Answer 55

- proximal: iliac crest, iliac fossa, ala of sacrum, and anterior sacro-iliac ligaments - distal: tendon of psoas major, lesser trochanter, and femur distal to it - innervated by the femoral nerve - action: acting with psoas major: flexes hip joint and stabilizes this joint

Question 56

what is the proximal attachment, distal attachment, innervation, and action of the rectus femoris?

Answer 56

- proximal: anterior inferior iliac spine and ilium superior to acetabulum - distal: via common tendinous (quadriceps tendon) and independent attachment to base of patella, indirectly via patellar ligament to tibial tuberosity - innervated by femoral nerve - action: extend knee joint, stabilize hip joint and helps iliopsoas flex hip joint

Question 57

what is the proximal attachment, distal attachment, innervation, and action of the vastus lateralis?

Answer 57

- proximal: greater trochanter of the femur and lateral lip of linea aspera - distal: via common tendinous (quadriceps tendon) and independent attachment to base of patella, indirectly via patellar ligament; tibia and patella via aponeurosis - innervated by femoral nerve - action: extends knee joint

Question 58

what is the proximal attachment, distal attachment, innervation, and action of the vastus medialis?

Answer 58

- proximal: intertrochanteric line and medial lip of linea aspera - distal: via common tendinous (quadriceps tendon) and independent attachement to base of patella, indirectly via patellar ligament; tibia and patella via aponeurosis - innervated by femoral nerve - action: extends knee joint

Question 59

what is the proximal attachment, distal attachment, innervation, and action of the vastus intermedius?

Answer 59

- proximal: anterior and lateral surfaces of shaft of femur - distal: via common tendinous (quadriceps tendon) and independent attachment to base of patella, indirectly via patellar ligament - innervated by the femoral nerve - action: extend the knee joint

Question 60

what are the walls and the contents of the femoral triangle?

Answer 60

- superiorly by inguinal ligament, which forms the base - medially by adductor magnus - laterally by sartorius - apex is where the medial border of the sartorius crosses the lateral border of adductor longus - floor is formed by iliopsoas laterally and pectineus medially - roof is formed by fascia lata, cribriform fascia, subcutenaous tissue, and skin contents: - femoral nerve - femoral artery - femoral vein - femoral canal

Question 61

what is the proximal attachment, distal attachment, innervation, and action of the adductor longus muscle?

Answer 61

- proximal: body of pubis inferior to pubic crest - distal: middle third of linea aspera of femur - innervated by the obturator nerve - action: adducts hip joint

Question 62

what is the proximal attachment, distal attachment, innervation, and action of the adductor brevis?

Answer 62

- proximal: body and inferior ramus of pubis - distal: pectineal line and proximal part of linea aspera of femur - innervated by the obturator nerve - action: adducts hip joint, and to some extend flexes it

Question 63

what is the proximal attachment, distal attachment, innervation, and action of the adductor magnus (adductor part)?

Answer 63

- proximal: inferior ramus of pubis, ramus of ischium - distal: gluteal tuberosity, linea aspera, medial supracondylar line - innervated by the obturator nerve - action: adducts hip joint, flexes hip joint

Question 64

what is the proximal attachment, distal attachment, innervation, and action of the adductor magnus (hamstring part)?

Answer 64

- proximal: ischial tuberosity - distal: adductor tubercle of femur - innervated by the tibial part of the sciatic nerve - action: adducts hip joint, extends hip joint

Question 65

what is the proximal attachment, distal attachment, innervation, and action of the gracilis muscle?

Answer 65

- proximal: body and inferior ramus of pubis - distal: superior part of medial surface of tibia - innervated by the obturator nerve - action: adducts hip joint, flexes knee joint, and helps rotate it medially

Question 66

what is the proximal attachment, distal attachment, innervation, and action of the obturator externus?

Answer 66

- proximal: margins of obturator foramen and obturator membrane - distal: trochanteric fossa of femur - innervated by the obturator nerve - action: laterally rotate hip joint, pulls head of femur into acetabulum holding pelvis steady

Question 67

which nerve is the largest branch of the lumbar plexus?

Answer 67

femoral nerve

Question 68

where does the femoral nerve divide into several terminal branches?

Answer 68

after entering the femoral triangle, divides into branches to the anterior thigh muscles

Question 69

what is the terminal cutaneous branch of the femoral nerve

Answer 69

saphenous nerve

Question 70

the obturator nerve descends along the _____ border of the _____ muscle and enters the thigh through the _______

Answer 70

medial, psoas, obturator foramen

Question 71

what muscles are in the superficial layer of the gluteal muscles

Answer 71

gluteus maximus, medius, and minimus, and tensor fasciae latae

Question 72

what is the proximal attachment, distal attachment, innervation, and action of the gluteus maximus?

Answer 72

- proximal: ilium posterior to gluteal line, dorsal surface of sacrum and coccyx, and sacrotuberous ligament - distal: most fibers end in iliotibial tract, which inserts into lateral condyle of tibia: some fibers insert on gluteal tuberosity - innervated by inferior gluteal nerve - action: extends hip joint between flexed and standing positions and assists in its lateral rotation; steadies thigh and assists in rising form sitting position

Question 73

what is the proximal attachment, distal attachment, innervation, and action of the gluteus medius?

Answer 73

- proximal: external surface of ilium between anterior and posterior gluteal lines - distal: lateral surface of greater trochanter of femur - innervated by superior gluteal nerve - action: abduct and anterior portions medially rotate hip joint; keep pelvis level when opposite limb is elevated

Question 74

what is the proximal attachment, distal attachment, innervation, and action of the gluteus minimus?

Answer 74

- proximal: external surfaces of ilium between anterior and inferior gluteal lines - distal: anterior surface of greater trochanter of femur - innervated by the superior gluteal nerve - action: abduct and anterior portions medially rotate hip joint; keep pelvis level when opposite limb is elevated

Question 75

what is the proximal attachment, distal attachment, innervation, and action of the tensor fascia latae?

Answer 75

- proximal: anterior superior iliac spine; anterior part of iliac crest - distal: iliotibial tract, which attaches to lateral condyle of tibia - innervated by the superior gluteal nerve - action: flexes hip joint, acts with gluteus maximus to stabilize the extended knee joint

Question 76

what is the proximal attachment, distal attachment, innervation, and action of the piriformis?

Answer 76

- proximal: anterior surface of 2nd-4th sacral segments; superior margin of greater sciatic notch and sacrotuberous ligament - distal: superior border of greater trochanter of femur - innervated by nerve to piriformis - action: laterally rotate extended hip joint, abduct flexed hip joint, steady femoral head into acetabulum

Question 77

what is the proximal attachment, distal attachment, innervation, and action of the obturator internus?

Answer 77

- proximal: pelvic surface of ilium and ischium, obturator membrane - distal: medial surface of greater trochanter of femur - innervated by nerve to obturator internus - action: laterally rotate extended hip joint; abduct flexed hip joint, steady femoral head into acetabulum

Question 78

what is the proximal attachment, distal attachment, innervation, and action of the superior gemellus?

Answer 78

- proximal: ischial spine - distal: medial surface of greater trochanter of femur - innervated by the nerve to obturator internus - action: laterally rotate extended hip joint; abduct flexed hip joint, steady femoral head into acetabulum

Question 79

what is the proximal attachment, distal attachment, innervation, and action of the inferior gemellus?

Answer 79

- proximal: ischial tuberosity - distal: medial surface of greater trochanter of femur - innervated by nerve to quadratus femoris - action: laterally rotate extended hip joint; abduct flexed hip joint, steady femoral head into acetabulum

Question 80

what is the proximal attachment, distal attachment, innervation, and action of the quadratus femoris?

Answer 80

- proximal: lateral border of ischial tuberosity - distal: quadrate tubercle on intertrochanteric crest of femur and area inferior to it - innervated by nerve to quadratus femoris - action: laterally rotate hip joint, also pulls femoral head into acetabulum to stabilize hip joint

Question 81

which muscles of the gluteal region do not attach to the greater trochanter of the femur?

Answer 81

gluteus maximus, tensor fascia latae, quadratus femoris

Question 82

what muscles are part of the deep gluteal region muscles?

Answer 82

piriformis, obturator internus, superior and inferior gemelli, quadratus femoris

Question 83

guteal bursae

Answer 83

flattened membranous sacs cintainins a capillary layer of synovial fluid, separate the gluteus maximus from adjacent strucutres -located in areas subject to friction

Question 84

what are the 3 bursae associated with gluteus maximus?

Answer 84

- trochanteric bursae: separates deep aspect of gluteus maximus from greater trochanter - ischial bursae: separates inferior border of gluteus maximus from ischial tuberosity - gluteofemoral bursae: separates iliotibial tract from superior part of proximal attachmetn of vastus lateralis

Question 85

the posterior thigh muscles are innervated by which nerve?

Answer 85

tibial division of sciatic nerve

Question 86

how many joints do the posterior thigh muscles (semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris long head) span?

Answer 86

2

Question 87

what is the proximal attachment, distal attachment, innervation, and action of the semitendinosus muscle?

Answer 87

- proximal: ischial tuberosity - distal: medial surface of superior part of tibia - innervated by the tibial division of sciatic nerve - action: extend hip joint, flex knee joint and rotate the left medially when knee is flexed, when hip and knee are flexed, can extend trunk

Question 88

what is the proximal attachment, distal attachment, innervation, and action of the semimembranosus?

Answer 88

- proximal: ischial tuberosity - distal: posterior part of medial condyle of tibia, reflected attachments form the oblique popliteal ligament - innervated by the tibial division of the sciatic nerve - action: extend hip joint, flex knee joint and rotate the left medially when knee is flexed, when hip and knee are flexed, can extend trunk

Question 89

what is the proximal attachment, distal attachment, innervation, and action of the biceps femoris long head?

Answer 89

- proximal: ischial tuberosity - distal: lateral side of head of fibula, tendon is split at this site by fibular contralateral ligament of knee - innervated by the tibial division of sciatic nerve - action: flexes knee joint and rotates it laterally when knee is flexed; extends hip joint

Question 90

what is the proximal attachment, distal attachment, innervation, and action of the biceps femoris short head?

Answer 90

- proximal: linea aspera and lateral supracondylar line of femur - distal: lateral side of head of fibula, tendon is split at this tite by fibular contralateral ligament of knee - action: flexes knee joint and rotates it laterally when knee is flexed; extends hip joint

Question 91

what is the distribution of the sciatic nerve?

Answer 91

-supplies no muscles in the gluteal region; supplies all muscles in the posterior compartment of the thigh

Question 92

what is the distribution of the superior gluteal nerve?

Answer 92

-innervates gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, and tensor fasciae latae

Question 93

what is the distribution of the inferior gluteal nerve?

Answer 93

innervates gluteus maximus

Question 94

what is the distribution of the nerve to quadratus femoris?

Answer 94

innervates hip joint; inferior gemellus and quadratus femoris

Question 95

what is teh distribution of the nerve to obturator internus?

Answer 95

supplies superior gemellus and obturator internus

Question 96

what is the popliteal fossa?

Answer 96

-mostly fat filled, diamond shaped space posterior to the knee joint; all important vessels and nerves from the thigh to the leg pass through this fossa

Question 97

what are the boundaries of the popliteal fossa?

Answer 97

- biceps femoris superolaterally - semimembranosus superomedially, medial to which is the semitendinosus tendon - lateral and medial heads of the gastrocnemius, inferolaterally and inferomedially - skin and popliteal fascia posteriorly (roof) - popliteal surface of the femur, posterior capsule of the knee joint, and the popliteus fasica covering the popliteus muscle

Question 98

what are the contents of the popliteal fossa?

Answer 98

- tibial and common fibular nerves | - fat

Question 99

the leg contains the tibia, the fibula, and the femur true or false?

Answer 99

false, the leg is considered only the lower part of the extremity, so only the tibia and fibula

Question 100

the leg is separated into how many compartments?

Answer 100

3 | -anterior, lateral, posterior

Question 101

what is the main action of the anterior compartment of the leg

Answer 101

this is the dorsiflexor (extensor) compartment

Question 102

what are the 4 muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg?

Answer 102

- tibialis anterior - extensor digitorum longus - extensor hallucis longus - fibularis tertius

Question 103

what is another name for the deep fibular nerve?

Answer 103

deep peroneal nerve

Question 104

the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg are innervated by which nerve?

Answer 104

-deep fibular (peroneal) nerve

Question 105

what is the proximal attachment, distal attachment, innervation, and action of tibialis anterior?

Answer 105

- proximal: lateral condyle and superior 2/3 of lateral surface of the tibia and interosseous membrane - distal: medial and inferior surfaces of medial cuneiform and base of first metatarsal - innervated by the deep fibular (peroneal) nerve - action: dorsiflexes ankle; inverts foot; supports medial longitudinal arch of foot

Question 106

what is the proximal attachment, distal attachment, innervation, and action of the extensor hallucis longus?

Answer 106

- proximal: middle part of anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane - distal: dorsal aspect of base of distal phalanx of hallux - innervated by the deep fibular (peroneal) nerve - action: extends great toe; dorsiflexes ankle

Question 107

what is the proximal attachment, distal attachment, innervation, and action of extensor digitorum longus?

Answer 107

- proximal: lateral condyle of tibia and superior 2/3 of anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane - distal: middle and distal phalanges of lateral 4 digits - innervated by the deep fibular (peroneal) nerve - action: extends lateral 4 digits, dorsiflexes ankle

Question 108

what is the proximal attachment, distal attachment, innervation, and action of the fibularis tertius?

Answer 108

- proximal: inferior third of anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane - distal: dorsum of base of 5th metatarsal - innervated by the deep fibular (peroneal) nerve) - action: dorsiflexes ankle, aids in eversion of foot

Question 109

what is the proximal attachment, distal attachment, innervation, and action of fibularis longus?

Answer 109

- proximal: head and superior 2/3 of lateral surface of fibula - distal: base of 1st metatarsal and medial cuneiform - innervated by the superficial fibular nerve - action: evert foot; weakly plantarflex ankle; supports transverse arch of foot

Question 110

what is the proximal attachment, distal attachment, innervation, and action of fibularis brevis?

Answer 110

- proximal: middle part of lateral surface of fibula - distal: dorsal surface of tuberosity of base of 5th metatarsal - innervated by the superficial fibular nerve - action: evert foot; plantarflex ankle

Question 111

what is the main action of the lateral compartment of the leg muscles?

Answer 111

this is the everter compartment

Question 112

what are the 2 muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg?

Answer 112

- fibularis longus | - fibularis brevis

Question 113

what nerve innervated the muscles of the lateral compartment of leg?

Answer 113

superficial fibular nerve

Question 114

the superficial fibular continues down the foot as which nerve?

Answer 114

cutaneous nerve

Question 115

what is the main action of the muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg?

Answer 115

this is the plantarflexor compartment

Question 116

the gastrocnemius and soleus together form the 3 headed ______

Answer 116

triceps surae

Question 117

what is the proximal attachment, distal attachment, innervation, and action of the gastrocnemius?

Answer 117

- proximal: lateral head: lateral aspect of the lateral condyle of the femur; medial head: popliteal surface of femur, superior to medial condyle - distal: posterior surface of the calcaneus via calcaneal tendon - innervated by the tibial nerve - action: plantarflexes ankle when knee is extended; raises heal during walking; flexes knee joint

Question 118

what is the proximal attachment, distal attachment, innervation, and action of the soleus?

Answer 118

- proximal: posterior aspect of head of fibula, superior quarter of posterior surface of fibula, soleal line, and medial border of tibia - distal: posterior surface of calcaneus via calcaneal tendon - innervated by the tibial nerve - action: plantarflexes ankle; steadies leg on foot

Question 119

what is the proximal attachment, distal attachment, innervation, and action of the popliteus?

Answer 119

- proximal: lateral surface of lateral condyle of femur and lateral meniscus - distal: posterior surface of tibia, superior to soleal line - innervated by the tibial nerve - action: weakly flexes knee and unlocks it by laterally rotating femur on fixed tibia, may also medially rotate tibia of unplanted limb

Question 120

what is the proximal attachment, distal attachment, innervation, and action of the flexor hallucis longus?

Answer 120

- proximal: inferior 2/3 of posterior surface of fibula and inferior part of interosseous membrane - distal: base of distal phalanx of the hallux - innervated by the tibial nerve - action: flexes great toe at all joints, weakly plantarflexes ankle, supports medial longitudinal arch of foot

Question 121

what is the proximal attachment, distal attachment, innervation, and action of flexor digitorum longus?

Answer 121

- proximal: medial part of posterior surface of tibia inferior to soleal line and by a broad tendon to fibula - distal: bases of distal phalanges of lateral four digits - innervated by the tibial nerve - action: flexes lateral 4 digits ; plantarflexes ankle; supports the longitudinal arch of foot

Question 122

what is the proximal attachment, distal attachment, innervation, and action of the tibialis posterior?

Answer 122

- proximal: interosseous membrane, posterior surface of tibia inferior to soleal line, and posterior surface of fibula - distal: primarily to tuberosity of navicular; also to cuneiforms, cuboid, and the base of metatarsal 2nd-4th - innervated by the tibial nerve - action: plantarflexes ankle inverts foot; supports medial longitudinal arch of foot

Question 123

the ____ is considered to be an antigravity muscle (the predominant plantarflexor for standing and strolling)

Answer 123

soleus

Question 124

which muscle in the posterior compartment of the leg is absent in 5-10% of people? This muscle is often used for tendon grafting since it has no real purpose)

Answer 124

plantaris

Question 125

what is the distribution and origin of the tibial nerve?

Answer 125

- distribution: supplies plantar flexor muscles of posterior compartment of leg and knee joint - origin: branch off sciatic nerve

Question 126

what is the origin and distribution of the common fibular nerve?

Answer 126

- origin: sciatic nerve - distribution: supplies skin on lateral part of posterior aspects of leg via its branch, the lateral sural cutaneous nerve; also supplies knee joint via its articular branch

Question 127

what is the origin and the distribution of the superficial fibular nerve?

Answer 127

- origin: common fibular nerve - distribution: supplies fibular muscles of lateral compartment of leg and skin on distal third of anterior surface of leg and dorsum of foot, except skin of first interdigital cleft

Question 128

what is the origin and distribution of the deep fibular nerve?

Answer 128

- origin: common fibular nerve - distribution: supplies dorsiflexor muscles of anterior compartment of leg, extensor muscles on dorsum of foot and skin of first interdigital cleft; sends articular branche to joints it crosses - supplies extensor digitorum/extensor hallucis brevis

Question 129

the skeleton of the foot consists of ___ tarsals, ___ metatarsals, and ___ phalanges

Answer 129

7, 5, 14

Question 130

the hindfoot is comprised of which bones?

Answer 130

talus and calcaneus

Question 131

the midfoot is comprised of which bones?

Answer 131

-navicular, cuboid, and cuneiforms

Question 132

the forefoot is comprised of which bones?

Answer 132

-metatarsals and phalanges

Question 133

we have ___ plantar muscles, ___ intermediate muscles, and ___ dorsal extensor muscles

Answer 133

14, 4, 2

Question 134

the plantar muscles main function is what?

Answer 134

-primarily function as a group during the support phase of stance to maintain the arches of the foot

Question 135

plantar interossei muscles ______, whereas dorsal interossei muscles _____

Answer 135

adduct, abduct

Question 136

what is the proximal attachment, distal attachment, innervation, and action of abductor hallucis?

Answer 136

- proximal: medial tubercle of tuberosity of calcaneus, flexor retinaculum, and plantar aponeurosis - distal: medial side of base of proximal phalanx of 1st digit - innervated by the medial plantar nerve - action: abducts and flexes 1st digit

Question 137

what is the proximal attachment, distal attachment, innervation, and action of flexor digitorum brevis?

Answer 137

- proximal: medial tubercle of tuberosity of calcaneus, plantar aponeurosis, and intermuscular septa - distal: both sides of middle phalanges of lateral 4 digits - innervated by the medial plantar nerve - action: flexes lateral 4 digits

Question 138

what is the proximal attachment, distal attachment, innervation, and action of abductor digiti minimi

Answer 138

- proximal: medial and lateral tubercles of tuberosity of calcaneus, plantar aponeurosis, and intermuscular septa - distal: lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit - innervation: lateral plantar nerve - action: abducts and flexes 5th digit

Question 139

what is the proximal attachment, distal attachment, innervation, and action of quadratus plantae?

Answer 139

- proximal: medial surface and lateral margin of plantar surface of calcaneus - distal: posterolateral margin of tendon of flexor digitorum longus - innervation: lateral plantar nerve - action: assists flexor digitorum longus in flexing lateral four digits

Question 140

what is the proximal attachment, distal attachment, innervation, and action of lumbricals?

Answer 140

- proximal: tendons of flexor digitorum longus - distal: medial aspect of expansion over lateral 4 digits - innervation: medial one: medial plantar nerve; lateral 3: lateral plantar nerve - action: flex proximal phalanges, extend middle and distal phalanges of lateral four digits

Question 141

what is the proximal attachment, distal attachment, innervation, and action of flexor hallucis brevis?

Answer 141

- proximal: plantar surfaces of cuboid and lateral cuneiform - distal: both sides of base of proximal phalanx of first digit - innervation: medial plantar nerve - action: flexes proximal phalanx of 1st digit

Question 142

what is the proximal attachment, distal attachment, innervation, and action of adductor hallucis?

Answer 142

- proximal: oblique head: bases of metatarsals 2-4; transverse head: plantar ligament of 3rd to 5th metatarsophalangeal joints - distal: tendons of both heads attach to the lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of first digit - innervation: deep branch of lateral plantar nerve - action: adducts 1st digit; assists in maintaining transverse arch of foot

Question 143

what is the proximal attachment, distal attachment, innervation, and action of flexor digiti minimi brevis

Answer 143

- proximal: base of 5th metatarsal - distal: base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit - innervation: superficial branch of lateral plantar nerve - action: flexes proximal phalanx of 5th digit, thereby assisting with its flexion

Question 144

what is the proximal attachment, distal attachment, innervation, and action of plantar interossei (3 muscles)

Answer 144

- proximal: bases and medial metatarsals 3-5 - distal: medial sides of bases of proximal phalanges of 3rd to 5th digits - innervation: lateral plantar nerve - action: adducts digits (3-5) and flex metatarsophalangeal joints

Question 145

what is the proximal attachment, distal attachment, innervation, and action of dorsal interossei (4 muscles)

Answer 145

- proximal: adjacent sides of metatarsals 1-5 - distal: first: medial side of proximal phalanx of 2nd digit; second to fourth: lateral sides of 2nd-4th digits - innervation: lateral plantar nerve - action: abducts digits 2-4 and flex metatarsophalangeal joints

Question 146

what is the distribution and origin of the medial plantar nerve?

Answer 146

- origin: tibial nerve - distribution: supplies plantar aspect of medial foot and 3 1/2 digits, plus sides and distal dorsal aspects of those digits; also supplies abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, flexor hallucis brevis, and first lumbrical

Question 147

what is the origin and distribution of the lateral plantar nerve?

Answer 147

- origin: tibial nerve - distribution: supplies quadratus plantae, abductor digiti minimi, and flexor digiti minimi; deep branch supplies plantar and dorsal interossei, lateral three lumbricals, and adductor hallucis

Question 148

the gait cycle consists of which 2 phases?

Answer 148

- stance phase: begins with the heel strike when the heel strikes the ground and begins to assume the body's full weight and ends with push off from the forefoot - swing phase: begins after push off, when the toes leave the ground, and ends when the heel strikes the ground (swing phase = 40% of walking cycle, stance phase = 60%)

Question 149

what are the active muscle groups during the heel strike of the stance phase?

Answer 149

- ankle dorsiflexors - hip extensors - intrinsic muscles of foot - long tendons of foot

Question 150

what are the active muscle groups during the loading response of the stance phase?

Answer 150

- knee extensors - ankle plantarflexors - hip abductors - intrinsic muscles of foot - long tendons of foot

Question 151

what are the active muscle groups during the midstance of the stance phase?

Answer 151

- knee extensors - ankle plantarflexors - hip abductors - intrinsic muscles of foot

Question 152

what are the active muscle groups of the terminal stance of the stance phase?

Answer 152

- ankle plantarflexors - hip abductors - instrinsic muscles of foot - long tendons of foot

Question 153

what are the active muscle groups in the preswing of the stance phase?

Answer 153

- long flexors of digits - intrinsic muscles of foot - long tendons of foot - flexors of hip

Question 154

what are the active muscle groups during the initial swing of the swing phase?

Answer 154

- flexor of hip | - ankle dorsiflexors

Question 155

what are the active muscle groups during the midswing of the swing phase?

Answer 155

-ankle dorsiflexors

Question 156

what are the active muscle groups during the terminal swing of the swing phase?

Answer 156

- hip extensors - knee flexors - ankle dorsiflexors - knee extensors

Question 157

what are the attachments of the iliofemoral ligament? what is its action?

Answer 157

- attaches to the anterior inferior iliac spine and acetabular rim, intertrochanteric line distally - action: prevents hyperextension of the hip joint

Question 158

what are the attachments and the action of the pubofemoral ligament?

Answer 158

- attachments: arises from the obturator crest of the pubic bone, merges with the fibrous part layer of the joint capsule, blends with the medial part of the iliofemoral ligament - action: resists excessive abduction of the hip

Question 159

what are the attachments and the action of the ischiofemoral ligament?

Answer 159

- attachments: arises from ischial part of acetabular rim, neck of femur - action: weak ligament, action not specified in textbook

Question 160

which muscles act as flexors at the hip joint?

Answer 160

- iliopsoas - sartorius - tensor fasciae latae - rectus femoris tendon - pectineus - adductor longus - adductor brevis - adductor magnus - gracillis

Question 161

which muscles act as adductors at the hip joint?

Answer 161

- pectineus - adductor longus - adductor brevis - adductor magnus - obturator externus - gracilis

Question 162

which muscles act as lateral rotators at the hip joint?

Answer 162

- obturator externus and internus - piriformis - gemelli - quadratus femoris - gluteus maximus - gluteus medius and minimus

Question 163

which muscles act as extensors at the hip joint?

Answer 163

- gluteus maximus - semitendinosus - semimembranosus - long head of biceps femoris - adductor magnus

Question 164

which muscles act as abductors at the hip joint?

Answer 164

- gluteus medius - gluteus minimus - tensor fasciae latae

Question 165

whic muscles act as medial rotators at the hip joint?

Answer 165

- gluteus medius - gluteus minimus - tensor fasciae latae

Question 166

which structures limit flexion at the hip joint?

Answer 166

- soft tissue apposition - tension of joint capsule posteriorly - tension of gluteus maximus

Question 167

which structures limit extension at the hip joint?

Answer 167

- ligaments: iliofemoral, ischiofemoral, and pubofemoral | - tension of iliopsoas

Question 168

which structures limit abduction at the hip joint?

Answer 168

- ligaments: pubofemoral, ischiofemoral, and inferior band of iliofemoral - tension of hip adductors

Question 169

which structures limit adduction at the hip joint?

Answer 169

- soft tissue apposition | - tension of iliotibial band, superior joint capsule, superior band of iliofemoral ligament, and hip abductors

Question 170

which structures limit internal rotation at the hip joint?

Answer 170

- ligaments: ischiofemoral and posterior joint capsule | - tension of external rotators of hip joint

Question 171

which structure limit external rotation at the hip joint?

Answer 171

-ligaments: iliofemoral, pubofemoral, and anterior joint capsule

Question 172

name the joints of the knee

Answer 172

- 2 femorotibial joints | - 1 intermediate femoropatella articulation

Question 173

what are the 5 ligaments that strengthen the knee joint?

Answer 173

- patellar - tibial collateral - oblique popliteal - arcuate popliteal - fibular collateral

Question 174

fibular (lateral) collateral ligament

Answer 174

- rounded, cord like, and strong - extends from lateral epicondyle of the femur to lateral surface of head of fibula - tendon of popliteus passes deep to LCL, separating it from lateral meniscus

Question 175

tibial (medial) collateral ligament

Answer 175

- strong flat band - extends from medial epicondyle of femur to the medial condyle and superior part of the medial surface of the tibia - at its midpoint, deep fibers are firmly attached to the medial meniscus

Question 176

oblique popliteal ligament

Answer 176

- reflected expansion of the tendon of semimembranosus that strengthens joint capsule posteriorly - arises posterior to the medial tibial condyle and passes to attach to the central part of the posterior aspect of the joint capsule

Question 177

arcuate popliteal ligament

Answer 177

-arises from the posterior aspect of the fibular head, passes over the tendon of the popliteus, and spreads over the posterior surface of the knee joint

Question 178

what do the cruciate ligaments join?

Answer 178

femur and tibia

Question 179

during ____ rotation of the tibia on the femur, the cruciate ligaments wind around each other, thus the amount of _____ rotation is limited to 10 degrees

Answer 179

medial, medial

Question 180

because the cruciate ligaments become unwound during _____ rotation, nearly ___ degrees of rotation is possible

Answer 180

lateral, 60

Question 181

which of the cruciate ligaments is the weakest?

Answer 181

anterior

Question 182

what are the attachments of the anterior cruciate ligament?

Answer 182

- arises from the anterior intercondylar area of the tibia, just posterior to the attachment of the medial meniscus - attaches to the posterior part of the medial side of the lateral condyle of the femur

Question 183

what does the ACL do?

Answer 183

- limits posterior rolling of the femoral condyles on the tibial plateau during flexion - also prevents posterior displacement of femur onto tibia and hyperextension of the knee

Question 184

what are the attachments of the posterior cruciate ligament?

Answer 184

- arises from the posterior intercondylar area of the tibia | - attaches to anterior part of lateral surface of medial condyle of the femur

Question 185

what does the PCL do?

Answer 185

- limits anterior rolling of the femur on the tibial plateau during extension - prevents hyperextension of the knee - main stabilizing factor for the femur when knee is flexed and weight bearing

Question 186

what are the roles of the menisci?

Answer 186

- shock absorption | - thicker at external margins

Question 187

how can we differentiate the medial meniscus from the lateral meniscus?

Answer 187

- medial menuscus is C-shaped and broader posteriorly than anteriorly; the medial meniscus firly adheres to the deep surface of the tibial collateral ligament - the lateral meniscus is nearly circular, is smaller, and is more freely movable, tendon of popliteus separates the lateral meniscus from the fibular collateral ligament

Question 188

which structure limit flexion at the knee joint?

Answer 188

- soft tissue apposition posteriorly - tension of vastus lateralis, medialis, and intermedius - tension of rectus femoris

Question 189

which structure limit extension at the knee joint?

Answer 189

-ligaments: anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments, fibular and tibial collateral, posterior joint capsule, and oblique popliteal ligament

Question 190

which structures limit internal rotation of the knee joint?

Answer 190

-ligaments: anterior cruciate and posterior cruciate

Question 191

which structures limit external rotation at the knee joint?

Answer 191

-ligaments: fibular and tibial collateral

Question 192

how many bursae are around the knee joint? why?

Answer 192

at least 12, most tendons run parallel to the bones and pull lengthwise across the knee joint during movement

Question 193

where is the suprapatella bursa located?

Answer 193

-between the femur and tendon of quadriceps femoris

Question 194

where is the popliteus bursa located?

Answer 194

between tendon of popliteus and lateral condyle of tibia

Question 195

where is the anserine bursa located?

Answer 195

separates tendons of sartorius, gracilis, and semitendinosus from tibia and tibial collateral ligament

Question 196

where is the subcutaneous prepatellar bursa located?

Answer 196

between skin and anterior surface of patella

Question 197

where is the subcutaneous infrapatellar bursa located?

Answer 197

between skin and tibial tuberosity

Question 198

normal alignment of the Q-angle starts at the ________ and passes through the _____ all the way down the tibia to the foot

Answer 198

femoral head, patella

Question 199

genu varum

Answer 199

- decreased Q-angle - gap on the lateral aspect of the knee, resulting in a buldge on the lateral side of the knee - cowboys

Question 200

genu valgum

Answer 200

- increased Q-angle - gap on the medial side of the knee - knees facing inwards