Exam 2 Cytokines

Question 1

IL 2, 4, 12

Answer 1

• IL 2 will activate most t cells

- IL 4 and 12 are highly differentiated; helps T cell decide where to go

Question 2

cytokines as an inflammatory mediator

Answer 2

IL-1, TNFa, IL-12, IFNg. Promote inflammation by inducing adhesion molecules on leukocytes and endothelium and activating other leukocytes.

Question 3

chemokines as an inflammatory mediator

Answer 3

Stimulate leukocyte movement (chemotaxis). Examples are IL-8 and IP-10 secreted by activated macrophages.

Question 4

Which cytokines helps the T cell decide which path to take to differentiate?

Answer 4

IL12 and IL4; they are produced by dendritic cells

Question 5

• TH1 differentiation

- release cytokine

Answer 5

• IL-12, IFN-γ

- IL-12, IFN-γ, TNF-β

Question 6

• TH2 differentiation

- release cytokine

Answer 6

• IL-4

- IL-4, IL-5, 1L-6, IL-10, IL-13

Question 7

• TH17 differentiation

- release cytokine

Answer 7

• IL-6, IL-23

- IL-17, IL-6, IL-22

Question 8

• Tfh differentiation

- release cytokine

Answer 8

• IL-16, TGF-β, (not sure about IL-23)

- IL-21

Question 9

• Treg differentiation

- release cytokine

Answer 9

• TGF-β
• TGF-β, IL-10
• characteristic: FoxP3

Question 10

TGF-β

Answer 10

• made by Treg and other cell types
• promote B cells to produce IgA
• promote mucosal immunity
• anti-inflammatory
• promote healing
• promote cell and tissue differentiation
• decrease class II MHC expression

Question 11

IL-10

Answer 11

• produced by TH2, Treg, M2
• anti-inflammatory
• does TH2 stuffs
• promote B cells to produce IgA
• promote mucosal immunity
• change macrophage from inflammatory to pro-healing
• promote cell and tissue differentiation

Question 12

IL-12

Answer 12

• produced by APC
• major APC signal
• induce IL-2R
• induce IFNγ
• enhances activity of NK cells and CTL

Question 13

IL-2

Answer 13

• produced by TH1 cells
• T cell proliferation and function
• enhances cytotoxic activity of NK cells and CTL

Question 14

IFNγ

Answer 14

• produced by TH1 and macrophages
• pro-inflammatory
• enhance activity of macrophage
• isotype switch to IgG1
• enhances cytotoxic activity of NK cells and CTL
• upregulate class I and II MHC expression by mane cell types

Question 15

TNF-β

Answer 15

• B cell proliferation
• Ig production
• phagocyte activity

Question 16

What does inflammatory cytokines do?

Answer 16

• make capillaries leaky
• increase expression of adhesion molecules
• attract inflammatory cells

Question 17

What makes inflammatory cytokines?

Answer 17

• macrophage
• dendritic cells
• PMN

Question 18

What are the classes of inflammatory cytokines?

Answer 18

• interleukins
• interferons
• chemokines

Question 19

IL-1

Answer 19

• secreted by various APC and most cell types
• pro-inflammatory
• make capillaries leaky
• induce adhesion molecule expression
• induce chemokine production

Question 20

TGF-α

Answer 20

• made by macrophages, TH1 cells, and mast cells
• THE primary inflammatory cytokine
• cytotoxic to tumor cells
• induce cytokine secretion by inflammatory cells
• primary mediator of septic shock
• associated with chronic inflammatory diseases

Question 21

IFNα

Answer 21

• non IL cytokines
• antiviral
• induce MHC class I on all somaatic cells
• activate macrophage and NK
• can be made by all nucleated cells

Question 22

IFNβ

Answer 22

• non IL cytokines
• antiviral
• induce MHC class I on all somaatic cells
• activate macrophage and NK
• can be made by all nucleated cells

Question 23

Define chemokines

Answer 23

• tell cells where to go
• considered pro-inflammatory
• stick to inside of capillaries (can act as adhesion molecules)

Question 24

IL-8

Answer 24

• same thing as CXCL8
• come from macrophage and other somatic cells
• pro-inflammatory
• chemoattractant for neutrophils and T cells
• angiogenic

Question 25

Chemokine receptors

Answer 25

- expressed on all immune cells - cells can express multiple chemokine receptors - certain cehmokines can bind to more than one receptor

Question 26

CXC or alpha chemokines

Answer 26

- ELR+ in amino terminus: Attract neutrophils; Primary role in acute inflammation - ELR-: Bind CXCR3, mostly on T Cells; Primary role in chronic inflammation

Question 27

CC or beta chemokines

Answer 27

- Receptors on: activated T cells, immature dendritic cells | - play role in chronic inflammation

Question 28

IL-4

Answer 28

- TH0 -> TH2 - induce Ig class switch to IgG1 and IgE - stimulates mast cell growth

Question 29

IL-5

Answer 29

- released from TH2 cells and mast cells- receptor induced on TH2 cells - Ab secretion and class switch

Question 30

IL-6

Answer 30

- produced by macrophages and other cells - considered pro-inflammatory - induce acute inflammatory phase response - increase insulin sensitivity

Question 31

IL-3

Answer 31

- from T-cells | - support growth of early hematopeietic progenitors

Question 32

IL-17

Answer 32

- released from TH17 - pro-inflammatory - involved in: mycobacterial and fungal surveillance, allergy, auto-immune response

Question 33

Cytokine receptors

Answer 33

- composed to 2 polypeptide subunits | - once cytokine receptors bind cytokine they transduce an intracellular signal which triggers biological activity

Question 34

What are the types of cytokine receptors?

Answer 34

- Ig superfamily receptors - Hematopoietin receptor family - Interferon receptor family - TNF receptor family - Chemokine receptor family

Question 35

IL-2R

Answer 35

- 3 subunits: α, β, γ | - β/γ chain expressed on NK

Question 36

Inflammatory cytokine receptors

Answer 36

- TNFR, IL-1R, TLR | - Activate NFkB