Exam 2 Drugs Flashcards by Payton Bayless

Carprofen

MOI: COX inhibitor; COX2 inhibition slightly greater

Uses: analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic in dogs and other small animals

Adverse effects: adverse GI or renal effects

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Ketoprofen

MOI: COX inhibitor

Uses: analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic (horses)

Adverse effects: adverse GI or renal effects

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Deracoxib

MOI: COX2 inhibitor

Uses: analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic (small animals)

Adverse effects: adverse GI or renal effects

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Flunixin

MOI: COX inhibitor

Uses: analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic (large animals)

Adverse effects: adverse GI or renal effects

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Phenylbutazone

MOI: COX inhibitor

Uses: analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic (horses)

Adverse effects: adverse GI or renal effects

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Xylazine

MOI: alpha₂-adrenergic agonist

Uses: sedative and analgesic, emetic in dogs & cats

Adverse effects: species specific, bradycardia

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Detomidine

MOI: alpha₂-adrenergic agonist

Uses: sedative and analgesic (only FDA-approved to use in horses)

Adverse effects: bradycardia

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Clonidine

MOI: partial alpha₂-adrenergic agonist

Uses: limited, but can be used for fear in dogs

Adverse effects: bradycardia

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Yohimbine

MOI: alpha₂-adrenergic antgonist

Uses: reversal of xylazine

Adverse effects: transient CNS excitation, increased respiration, muscle tremors

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Tolazoline

MOI: alpha_1/2adrenergic antagonist

Uses: FDA-approved reversal of xylazine in horses

Adverse effects: tachycardia

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Diazepam

MOI: GABA receptor agonist

Uses: anxiolytic, muscle relaxant, seizures

Adverse effects: sedation, altered behavior, respiratory depression

T1/2: 80 min

Functional tolerance after 1wk of PO TID (CN)

Bioavailability: 40%

Cats get idiosyncratic hepatic necrosis
DEA Schedule IV

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Midazolam

MOI: GABA receptor agonist (higher affinity than diazepam)

Uses: anxiolytic, muscle relaxant, seizures

Adverse effects: sedation, altered behavior, respiratory depression

Bioavailability: 50% (IM)

good emergency option, water soluble
Erratic rectal absorption
Intranasal very effective

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Lorazepam

MOI: GABA receptor agonist

Uses: anxiolytic, muscle relaxant, seizures

Adverse effects: sedation, altered behavior, respiratory depression

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Acepromazine

MOI: dopamine receptor antagonist centrally, alpha₁receptor antagonist peripherally

Uses: preanesthetic, anti-motion sickness

Adverse effects: hypotension

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Chlorpromazine

MOI: dopamine receptor antagonist (less potent than acepromazine, but longer lasting)

Uses: pre-anesthetic, anti-motion sickness

Adverse effects: hypotension

***NOT RECOMMENDED in horses (experience agitation, excitement, aggression)

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Morphine

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MOI: primarily mu, some activity at kappa & delta opioid receptor agonist

Uses: analgesic, anti-tussive

Adverse effects: dose-related CNS, CVS & respiratory depression; GI stasis, vomiting

Naloxone

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MOI: kappa, mu, delta opioid receptor antagonist

Uses: reversal agent for opioid toxicity

Adverse effects: in opioid-dependent patients induces an acute opioid withdrawal response

Butorphanol

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MOI: kappa agonist; mu opioid receptor agonist/antagonist

Uses: anti-tussive, analgesic

Adverse effects: CNS excitement/sedation; GI stasis, vomiting

Fentanyl

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MOI: mu opioid receptor agonist

Uses: analgesic

Adverse effects: dose-related CNS, CVS, and respiratory depression; GI stasis, vomiting

Phenobarbital

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long acting barbiturate with excellent anti-seizure properties
- mechanism involves GABA
acidic drug w/ very long half-life (24-40hrs)
DEA controlled drug (Class IV)
Adverse effects:
- chronic administration can produce:
  - physical dependence > WITHDRAWAL
  - marked induction of liver enzymes (decr T1/2, tolerance)
  - hepatotoxicity
  - decrease thryoid values

Potassium bromide

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MOA: unknown

Use: anticonvulsant

NOT a controlled drug/approved by FDA
actions diminished by hyperchloremia
- incr CL intake will incr renal excretion!
used in dogs, TOXIC to cats!
Given IV as NaBr, not KBr!

Zonisamide

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MOA: involves GABAergic system

Uses: anticonvulsant

metabolized by liver
related to sulfonamide abx

Levetiracetam

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MOA: inhibits synaptic vesicle protein SV2A, blocks Ca channels to prevent NT release

As primary or adjunct tx
Safe in cats and rabbits

Gabapentin

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MOA: Presumeably works via GABAergic system

NOT an effective AED in dogs
- Drug choice in rabbits
Used for neuro pain, AED

Hydrocortisone

* natural adrenal hormone that exhibits **BOTH gluco-** and **mineralocorticoid** activities * _administered via all routes_ depending on salt form * used in _most small and large animal species_ * **Adverse Effects:** HPA axis suppression, muscle wasting, delayed wound healing, bone loss, thinning of skin, diabetes, hypothyroidism

Dexamethasone

* **most widely used** across species * long acting agent (SID/BID) * Synthetic agent that is 30X more potent that cortisol with **little to no mineralocorticoid activity** * excellent anti-inflammatory profile with _rapid onset_ * **Adverse Effects:** usual concerns + **colonic perforation and laminitis (horses)**

Triamcinolone

* Synthetic agent that is 4-5 times more potent than cortisol and **little to no mineralocorticoid activity** * intermediate duration of action * **Adverse Effects:** acute laminitis in horses, HPA axis suppression, muscle wasting, delayed wound healing, bone loss, thinning of skin, diabetes, hypothyroidism

Prednisone/Prednisolone

* Classical synthetic agent used in many spp * 4-5X more potent anti-inflammatory actions vs. hydrocortisol * **More mineralocorticoid activity** than other synthetic agents * **Prednisone is converted to prednisolone in the liver** * Not well absorbed PO in horses * May not be well absorbed or well converted in cats **\*\*\*RECOMMENDED to use prednisolone in cats/horses** * Don't use for animals w/ severe bacterial/fungal infxn, corneal ulceration

Methyl-Prednisolone

* Synthetic agent similar to prednisone except **devoid of mineralocorticoid activity** * Duration of action is _very formulation-dependent_ 1. Sodium succinate- water-soluble form w/ rapid effect, **neuroprotective (tx acute spinal injury)** 2. _Acetate_ - insoluble suspension \> VERY LONG ACTING - Shake before use **Adverse Effects:** HPA axis suppression, muscle wasting, delayed wound healing, bone loss, thinning of skin, diabetes, hypothyroidism

Penicillins

* Oldest group of antimicrobials * **Bacteriocidal (time-dependent killing)** * _toxicity is relatively minor_ in most species * drug interactions are limited (diminished renal tubular secretion)

Natural penicillins: Penicillin G

**Agent: penicillin G (IM)** * **degraded by beta-lactamases** * **Effective against: Q1/2/4** * procaine salt is long acting (residues in food animals) and _can cause CNS signs_ (horses, birds, snakes, turtles, guinea pigs, chinchillas) * **mainly used in LA** (horses, food animals intra mammary)

Aminopenicillins: Amoxicillin

**Agents:** amoxicillin (oral), ampicillin (IV, IM) * first line of drugs **for empirical treatment in SA (non-CNS)** * **Adverse effects:** disrupt GI flora (nausea, vomiting)

Extended-Spectrum penicillins: Ticarcillin

**Agents: ticarcillin** * improved Q3 (gram + anaerobes) activity esp. *Pseudomonas* (IV-reserved use) * **susceptible to beta-lactamase**

Describe cephalosporins

* second major group of beta-lactam antibiotics * **MOA -** cell wall inhibitors via PBP * **Bacteriocidal** (**time-dependent kill**) * Strong cross resistance in pen-sensitive animals

Augmented penicillins/Beta-Lactamase Inhibitors: Clavulanic Acid

**Agents:** amoxicillin/clavulanate (oral), ampicillin/sulbactam (IV) * combo of broad spectrum agent + beta-lactamase inhibitor * **Adverse effects:** dangerous GI toxicity in horses, rabbits, hamsters, guinea pigs

Exam 2 Drugs Flashcards

(35 cards)