Exam 2 Emotion Flashcards

Question

Limitations of Neurochemistry Techniques

Answer 1

a. Each neurotransmitter has many effects b. Difficult to isolate to one structure or psychological process

Answer 2

Use biochemical techniques make parts of neurons light-sensitive

Answer 3

1. Influences movement, learning, and attention Connected with pleasure responses and reward 2. Oversupplied in schizophrenia, under-supplied in Parkinson’s disease (tremors and decreased mobility)

Answer 4

1. Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal 2. Undersupply = depression, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) inhibit removal from synaptic gap

Answer 5

1. Inhibitory – reduces excitability of neurons – balance with glutamate which is excitatory 2. Decreases may be related to anxiety and other disorders; many tranquilizers boost effects of GABA

Answer 6

1. a neurotransmitter that serves as a natural painkiller 2. Influences experience of social and physical pain or pleasure; increased by exercise, sex, drugs 3. Naloxone blocks endorphin access to receptors; used to treat heroin and painkiller overdoses

Answer 7

1. Hormone and neurotransmitter, increased in brain during sexual arousal; promotes pair-bonding 2. Low oxytocin levels have been linked to autism spectrum disorder and depressive symptoms

Answer 8

Heart beat & breathing

Answer 9

Important in facial expressions

Answer 10

a. Reticular formation – nerve network plays an important role in controlling arousal (sleep, consciousness) b. Ventral tegmental area – Part of the “reward circuit” with nucleus accumbens (located in limbic system) c. Substantia nigra – (Latin for “black substance” - dark dopamine neurons); movement and reward system

Answer 11

Relays sensory information (except smell) to cortices for processing

Answer 12

a. Nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area respond strongly to rewarding stimuli like sugar, gambling, and sex b. Dopamine is primary neurotransmitter c. Multiple microcircuits supporting: 1) Appetitive motivation (approach reward); 2) Enjoyment of rewards; 3) Learn to predict future rewards and punishments

Answer 13

1. Coordinates voluntary movement and life-sustaining functions 2. Interacting with other areas of the brain (e.g., cerebrum) involve emotion and emotional control

Answer 14

Cerebellum damage deficits may include emotional blunting and disinhibition (e.g., overfamiliarity, impulsive action, inappropriate comments)

Answer 15

“The cerebellum forms part of neural circuits that are involved in subsequent stages of processing emotions, i.e., perception, recognition, evaluation, and integration into behavior” (Adamaszek et al., 2017)

Answer 16

1. Body’s “thermostat,” regulating physiology and behavior to maintain homeostasis a. Homeostasis is the body’s regulation of temperature, blood chemistry, hydration, and other variables, keeping them within a healthy range 2. Involved in emotion and reward through regulation of hormones in the endocrine system 3. Ventromedial area may be involved in aggression – stimulation can result in aggressive behavior

Answer 17

Involved in processing conscious, explicit memories

Answer 18

Involvement in emotions, particularly fear and anger

Answer 19

Pattern of emotional changes accompanying removal of both anterior temporal lobes, including the amygdalae − Animals – reduced behavioral response to dangerous/unpleasant stimuli such as snakes, fire, feces − Humans – lack of normal caution in approaching strangers and diminished learning to avoid shock, pain

Answer 20

In humans, caused by calcium damage to amygdala, results in apparently fearless behavior, though panic can be induced by suffocation

Answer 21

a. Photographs of fearful facial expressions elicit the strongest response, even when presented briefly (Kubota et al., 2000; Vuilleumeier et al., 2001) b. Amygdala reactivity to unpleasant images strongest among individuals who experience stronger/more frequent negative emotion in real life (Admon et al., 2009; Barrett, Bliss-Moreau, Duncan, Rauch, & Wright, 2007). c. Amygdala activity is diminished when cognitive reappraisal is used to reduce distress (Marek, Strobel, Bredy, & Sah, 2013; Moscarello & LeDoux, 2013). d. Some amygdala cells respond to pleasant stimuli, such as smiles (Namburi et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2014).

Answer 22

Enhanced memory for emotion-eliciting stimuli, relative to neutral stimuli − Individuals with amygdala damage do not show emotional facilitation of memory (Cahill, Prins, Weber, & McGaugh, 1994; LaBar & Phelps, 1998). − Extent of amygdala activation while viewing emotional stimuli predicts later memory for those stimuli (Canli, Zhao, Brewer, Gabrieli, & Cahill, 2000).

Answer 23

Dual processing of emotion − Amygdala activation produces visceral responses − Cortical activation allows for use of memory in understanding emotional stimuli

Answer 24

a. Fear area of the brain? No. Involved in fear, but no radical localization b. Two functions related to memory: − Directs attention toward stimuli with emotional implications − Facilitates activity in the hippocampus, an immediately adjacent brain structure important in storing vivid memories of personal experience. c. Different microcircuits within the amygdala likely support different psychological processes.

Answer 25

a. Imaging studies shown increased amygdala activity during angry outbursts b. Perceptions of angry faces and voices also stimulate the amygdala c. Stimulation of the amygdala in animals can instigate aggressive responses d. As with other emotions, amygdala works with other brain areas in experience and reactions to anger

Answer 26

1. Involved in interoception or the perception of body like visceral organs, e.g., the heart, digestive system, bladder, muscles, skin 2. Interoception important for experiencing emotions like disgust (e,g, James-Lange)

Answer 27

1. Active in cognitive functions such as planning, working memory, and the inhibition of impulses 2. Activated when participants are using cognitive reappraisal to reduce emotional intensity (Ochsner, Bunge, Gross, & Gabrieli, 2002) 3. Inhibits activation of amygdala (inhibits acting on anger)

Answer 28

1. Despite normal memory, intelligence, and ability to process information logically, tend toward poor, impulsive decisions (Damasio, 1994) 2. Perseverate on previously learned behavior, rather than updating to change in environment (Bechara, 2004) 3. Deficits in empathy, ability to read others’ emotions (Jenkins et al., 2014; ShamayTsoory et al., 2004)

Answer 29

Deterioration of frontal and temporal lobes affects empathy like those in prefrontal cortex damage

Answer 30

Severing connections to prefrontal cortex in order to “calm” psychiatric patients a. Based on pseudo-science; 40,000 in US from 1930s-1970s b. Not an effective treatment and lead to lasting mental deficits c. Numbers went down in 1950s with Thorazine and other medications

Answer 31

A logical fallacy in which evidence that Predictor A causes Outcome B is taken to mean that if B is present, A must be as well. This often happens in psychology when A is a psychological process and B is a biological one

Answer 32

An area that surrounds part of the corpus callosum near the center of the brain, important for a variety of cognitive, memory, and emotional functions

Answer 33

The body's regulation of temperature, blood chemistry, hydration, and other variables, keeping them within a healthy range

Answer 34

A structure that receives information relating to reward, focuses attention, and energizes behaviors that might lead to reward

Answer 35

A structure in the brain's reward circuit, and a key input to the nucleus accumbens

Answer 36

A region of the cortex tucked between the temporal and parietal lobes; important for perception of visceral sensations

Answer 37

Perception of the body itself, especially its interior

Answer 38

gradual deterioration of the frontal and temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex, producing variable effects that sometimes include greatly impaired social behaviors

Answer 39

A set of neurons by which the central nervous system influences the visceral organs

Answer 40

1. “fight-or-flight” branch of the ANS, prepares the body for vigorous activity 2. Increases heart rate, blood pressure; directs blood to brain, heart, large muscles 3. Increases breathing rate 4. Stimulates release of glucose into bloodstream 5. Inhibits digestion, peristalsis (moving food through intestines) 6. Increases sweating, piloerection (hair standing on end) 7. Facilitates orgasm

Answer 41

1. “rest-and-digest” branch diverts resources to maintenance, growth activities 2. Decreases heart rate, slows breathing 3. Increases salivation, digestive system activity 4. Insulin release promotes storage of energy in liver, fatty tissue 5. Facilitates sexual arousal

Answer 42

1. Originally believed that the sympathetic system acted in an “all or none” fashion, with all components active at once 2. Newer evidence indicated both sympathetic and parasympathetic branches are differentiated, capable of producing complex patterns of activation in the body 3. Examples a. In nausea, SNS produces retching while PNS stimulates intestines b. In sexual activity, PNS promotes arousal, SNS promotes lubrication, orgasm, ejaculation c. In predator fear, PNS slows heart when not yet seen, SNS activates to promote escape when seen

Answer 43

A. The ANS processes, in part, involve activation of the endocrine system B. Glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream which travel through the body and affect other tissues, including the brain

Answer 44

1. The pituitary is the master gland that influences hormone release by other glands, including the adrenal glands. 2. In an intricate feedback system, the hypothalamus influences the pituitary gland, which influences other glands that release hormones and influence the brain.

Answer 45

1. Drops in estrogen and testosterone can increase anxiety 2. High levels of cortisol and adrenalin are related to increased anxiety (fight or flight hormones) 3. Overactive thyroid can increase anxiety, restlessness, and irritability 4. Under-active thyroid can lead to tiredness and depression 5. Higher oxytocin decreases anxiety

Answer 46

1. Heart rate – number of beats per minute 2. Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) –electrical activity by heart contraction 3. Cardiac interbeat interval (IBI) is the mean ms between beats over some time window; finer-grained measure of change

Answer 47

a. Systolic is pressure of blood on arteries while ventricles contract; Diastolic is the pressure while ventricles are relaxed b. Mean Arterial Pressure averages both

Answer 48

a. SNS increases speed of heart contraction, pushing blood into arteries more forcefully b. Cardiac pre-ejection period is time between contraction onset and aortic valve opening

Answer 49

The difference in heart rate while inhaling vs. exhaling (PNS slows heart, inhaling blocks this influence)

Answer 50

1. Respiration rate – breaths per minute 2. Electrodermal activity – Increase in the speed of electrical conductivity by the skin due to increased sweat (arousal)

Answer 51

1. Individual differences in physiology are large; effects of emotion must always be defined as change from an immediately preceding baseline 2. The ANS responds to many events other than emotion, including physical movement, cognitive activity, sneezing, coughing, and speech 3. ANS responses take 1-2 seconds to be detected; hormones in saliva 15-20 min

Answer 52

1. William James (1884) proposed that emotional feelings are caused by interoception – the perception of bodily changes a. Pure autonomic failure: A condition in which the ANS ceases to influence the body; people report feeling emotions, but less intensely (Critchley, Mathias, & Dolan, 2001) b. Locked-in syndrome: All output from brain to muscles, ANS is lost due to brainstem damage; many patients seem tranquil, but some do describe feeling emotions (Bauby, 1997; Damasio, 1999)

Answer 53

1. William James (1884) proposed that different emotional feelings may be associated with different profiles of activity in the body 2. Autonomic specificity hypothesis: each emotion has distinct pattern of ANS response a. Cacioppo, Berntson, Larsen, Poehlmann, & Ito (2000) metaanalysis − Happiness produced less arousal than negative emotions − Heart rate accelerates more in anger, fear, sadness than in disgust − Anger produces higher blood pressure, greater finger temperature b. Shiota, Neufeld, Yeung, Moser, & Perea (2011) − Participants shown slides of emotional stimuli (enthusiasm, attachment love, nurturant love, amusement, and awe) − Different ANS of emotions using various measures of ANS arousal

Answer 54

a. Data do not support either extreme position that each emotion has a unique signature, or position that there are no differences among emotions b. Data so far are not adequate to offer a strong test of autonomic specificity c. Need to study stronger experiences of emotion d. Need to examine more physiological measures e. Need to examine differences in profiles across emotions, not just single measures

Answer 55

Smooth muscle contractions than move food through the digestive system; caused by parasympathetic nervous system activation

Answer 56

Contraction of smooth muscles around the base of hairs, making them stand up; caused by sympathetic nervous system activation

Answer 57

A chemical produced by an endocrine gland and released into the bloodstream, with effects on one or more organs elsewhere in the body

Answer 58

An adrenal gland hormone that enhances metabolism and increases the availability of fuels in the body

Answer 59

An effect where positive emotions facilitate recovery from sympathetic arousal associated with negative emotion

Answer 60

a brief period of high arousal of the sympathetic nervous system, readying the body for vigorous activity

Answer 61

The final stage of reaction to a prolonged stressor, characterized by weakness, fatigue, loss of appetite, and lack of interest

Answer 62

Hans Selye's term for the body's reaction to any change (p. 208) resistance: the stage of prolonged but moderate arousal in response to some stressor (p. 208) stress (Selye's definition): the nonspecific response of the body to any demand made on it (p.208)

Answer 63

An event or events that are interpreted as threatening to an individual and which elicit physiological and behavioral responses

Answer 64

Small proteins that contribute to the immune process by regulating inflammation at the site of an injury and by communicating to the brain to initiate appropriate responses by the brain

Answer 65

The hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal gland

Answer 66

1. Communicate Information, Emotion, Dominance 2. Regulate Intensity of Social Interactions

Answer 67

1. Nonverbal Cues Outnumber Verbal Cues 2. May Confirm or Contradict Verbal Messages 3. Cues Sometimes Not Easy to Decode 4. Displays and Interpretation Often Unconscious and Automatic

Answer 68

a. Darwin noted similarities among behaviors displayed by animals when threatened, angry, sad, or excited b. Expressions similar in adults, children, and many non-human animals c. Wrote about this in The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals d. Proposed expressions were part of human evolutionary heritage

Answer 69

a. Wrote to people he knew living in other parts of the world, asked them to agree or disagree with statements linking emotions to expressions ─ E.g., Is astonishment expressed by eyes and mouth opened wide, and eyebrows raised?

Answer 70

By Mid-20th century, anthropologists documented many culture-specific emotion expressions; wide belief emotions are learned

Answer 71

Human nature provides a template for each emotion’s expression; should be universally recognizable (Ekman, 1992)

Answer 72

Facial expressions code for dimensional appraisals, not discrete emotions

Answer 73

Facial expressions may communicate valence, arousal reliably across cultures; all else learned, and highly variable across cultures, individuals.

Answer 74

1. Silvan Tomkins (1962) Affect Theory proposes emotion as genetic, neurochemical, and product of evolution 2. Tomkins mentors two scholars, convincing them to scientifically establish the universality emotions a. Carroll Izard – selects photos with highest rate of agreement in US; documents high recognition in Western and non-Western societies b. Paul Ekman – examines recognition of prototype emotional expressions in an isolated, indigenous community in New Guinea 3. Beginning of Basic/Discrete Emotions Theory – human nature provides a template for the expression of a set of discrete basic emotions

Answer 75

1. Cross-Cultural Data – a. Six basic emotions: fear, anger, sadness, disgust, surprise, happiness b. Participants: Residents of isolated New Guinea villages with little exposure to West c. Procedure: Select the prototype expression (based on FACS criteria) best matching an emotional story (e.g., someone in village has stolen your pig). d. Facial Action Coding System (FACS) uses a numeric code to label the changes in appearance caused by moving each muscle in the face e. Results – participants able to identify the 6 emotions with a great deal of accuracy

Answer 76

a. Extreme prototype expressions, rarely seen in real life b. Matching task likely overestimates accuracy, allowing process of elimination c. May be selecting “best” emotion from labels provided, not one they think correct d. Free labeling: Allowing participants to use their own words to describe an expression, rather than choosing from a set list (still get accurate identification 3. Lots of replication of “the six” in Western and Non-Western societies

Answer 77

1. Expressions that surface for ½ a second or less even when trying to suppress emotion (leakages) 2. Automatic and less subject to display rules 3. Difficult to read (slow down film) but can be trained to increase accuracy a. Some people may become better at detecting deception (controversial) b. Training related to better perceived social and communication skills on the job. c. Facial feedback enhancement increases ability to interpret micro expressions (mimicry?)

Answer 78

a. Shared Signal Hypothesis (SSH) – direct gaze shares approach signal with some emotions (e.g., anger & joy); averted gaze shares an avoidance signal with other emotions (e.g., fear & sadness) b. Process information more easily if there is a match between gaze and emotion

Answer 79

a. Eye contact increases ANS arousal b. Direct gaze may intensify the reaction to an emotional expression

Answer 80

a. Question: Does gaze direction influence ability to recognize emotional expressions? b. Procedure: Identify expression as fearful vs. angry; target is looking straight ahead vs. to side. c. Results: Fear recognized faster when target looks to side than to front; for anger, same speed either direction. d. Anger speeds may be maxed out – we perceive angry facers faster regardless (survival value)

Answer 81

1. Pupils dilate with increased arousal, strong emotion, observing strong emotion in others, effortful cognition 2. Automatic mimicry of dilation; stronger with ingroups and trusted others 3. In social exchanges, we trust and reciprocate more with dilated others 4. Viewing dilation = amygdala activation 5. Dilation could indicate sexual interest a. Men rate women with dilated pupils as more attractive b. Women find big-pupil males more attractive when they are ovulating

Answer 82

Facial expressions do not just communicate emotion, neural and vascular feedback from those expressions influence experienced emotions. Early proponents included Darwin and James (part of James-Lange Theory)

Answer 83

a. Studies where participants model expressions but are unaware of the emotions expressed b. pen in mouth doesn’t work c. phonetics, golf tees, systematic instructions can work d. Some support of mood alteration e. Botox studies – dampens experience and interpretation of emotion, fMRI emotion areas of brain

Answer 84

a. People with conditions limiting facial expressions still experience emotion b. Pen studies are non-replicable c. Expressions probably modify emotions rather than control them

Answer 85

1. Rules for how to display emotions 2. Nature = expressions; nurture = display 3. Examples a. Collectivism linked to stronger rules for suppressing negative emotion expression b. In Japan, more appropriate to display negative emotion to acquaintances than to close friends, family; reverse is true in US c. In US, combined demand for emotional authenticity and positivity in customer service (e.g., flight attendants) may be highly stressful, “emotional labor” (Hochschild, 2002).

Answer 86

1. Question: Do people from different cultures, speaking same language, have subtle dialects in emotional expressions? 2. Participants: From Quebec, Canada and Gabon, Africa (all French-speaking) 3. Procedure: Pose expressions of several emotions; poses were FACS coded. 4. Results: Both groups posed identifiable expressions with subtle differences 5. Follow-up: in-group advantage in decoding freely posed (not modeled) expressions

Answer 87

Unlike facial expressions, gestures appear to largely dependent on culture

Answer 88

1. Winning and losing – Aviezer, Trope, & Todorov (2012) a. Viewed face, body, or face and body. b. Rate the valence of the expression c. Participants’ ratings based on bodies, but not faces, accurately tracked win vs. loss expressions d. When face + body rated, but faces switched (e.g., losing face on winning body) participants believed they were tracking the face, but they actually tracked the bodies

Answer 89

a. Expression of pride includes postural expansion, head lift, arms “akimbo” or on hips b. Closely resembles primate dominance display c. Recognized in isolated West African tribe d. Participants in Fiji and the United States assume a person displaying pride has high social status e. “Power poses” make people feel more powerful f. Physiology and risk-taking results (Carney, Cuddy, & Yap, 2010) non-replicable

Answer 90

1. Cultures differ on appropriateness of touch – can be positive or negative 2. People can communicate and interpret some emotions (e.g., anger, fear, disgust, sympathy) through touch (Hertenstein et al., 2009), even in Japan where touch is limited (Oya & Tanaka, 2022) 3. Non-hostile and/or desired contact can reduce arousal; non-desired and/or hostile contact can increase arousal – touch can intensify emotions 4. A number of studies have found increased tips for servers who briefly touch the hand or shoulder

Answer 91

1. Portable, invisible boundary surrounding us, into which others may not trespass a. Protective Buffer – Fight or flight b. Nonverbal Communication – controls cue availability and Indicates level of intimacy/intensity

Answer 92

0-1½ Feet ─ Intimate contacts and physical Sports – Kissing, making love, comforting, hugging, fighting ─ Sensory – Good olfactory and tactile (radiant heat) input; low facial (blurred vision) and distorted verbal

Answer 93

– 1½ - 4 Feet ─ Close friends and acquaintances – Talking, hanging out with family and friends ─ Sensory – Good facial and verbal; lower olfactory and tactile

Answer 94

4-12 Feet ─ Acquaintances and more formal or professional relationships – business meetings, formal party, meeting someone new ─ Sensory – Verbal and body language, but less facial perception

Answer 95

─ Formal contacts between individual and audience – presentations, classroom instruction, theater ─ Sensory – Largely verbal; nonverbal expression may be exaggerated to help communicate emotion

Answer 96

a. More intimate relationships = closer distance b. Attraction and Similarity = closer distance c. Emotionally charged interactions may increase or decrease distance (approachavoidance) ─ Competitive, tense, or hostile situations may result in more space unless they escalate to aggression ─ More positive interactions may lead to decreased space

Answer 97

a. Gender & Space ─ Couples < female-female < mixed gender < male-male ─ Males take up more space and respond more negatively to space violations b. Age – Space increases to 18 yrs, then levels off c. Personality – More space for violent prisoners, certain psychological disorders, lower self-esteem, less perceived control d. Culture – Contact Cultures (South Europe, Latin American, Middle East) and Noncontact Cultures (Northern Europe, United States, Japan)

Answer 98

a. Space and Dominance: - Dominant people/animals use more space, more likely to invade space, demand more control over space. b. Reactions to Invasion: - Animals = Fight or Flight - Compensation – Most studies show that people compensate by leaving or by decreasing intimacy - Reciprocation – Sometimes people respond to shifts in intimacy by making a shift in the same direction

Answer 99

a. Personal space invasions cause an increase in ANS arousal b. Equilibrium Theory: Comfortable level of intimacy is set (equilibrium) ─ Shifts in that level will lead to compensation to restore equilibrium c. Arousal Model of Intimacy: ─ Shifts in intimacy result in ANS arousal ─ Negatively labeled arousal = compensation ─ Positively labeled arousal = reciprocation ─ Draws on Schacter & Singer theory of emotion

Answer 100

1. Unconscious Chemical Communication 2. Three categories of inferences

Answer 101

Sender sweat pad under certain conditions, receiver measures while exposed to (breathing) sweat pads a. de Groot et al. (2018) ─ Electromyography (EMG) readings for happy and fear, activate muscles associated with expressions ─ Fear odor decreases fearful face detection time, happy odor does the same for happy face detection ─ Works cross-culturally (Western & East Asian) b. Quintana et al. (2019) ─ Fear odor increased anxiety, decreased trust for a virtual character ─ Both studies use male senders and female receivers (females have better sense of smell).

Answer 102

Women - ovulation associated with: - prefer the scent of men who are symmetrical (health) and socially dominant men - have more masculine faces and have deeper voices - Partnered women more interested in other men when ovulating Men – ovulation in women is associated with: ─ Greater perceived facial and vocal attractiveness ─ Ovulating lap dancers earn more in tips ─ Sweat from ovulating women increases male testosterone levels ─ Scent of female tears reduces testosterone, self-reported desire, and reduces activity of areas of the brain associated with sexual arousal

Answer 103

In the Facial Action Coding System, the number and name assigned to the visible effects of contracting a specific facial muscle

Answer 104

A system for coding the specific muscles that contract in a person's facial expression

Answer 105

A method in which participants see a facial expression and come up with their own label for the emotion rather than choosing one from a predefined set of options

Answer 106

A statistical technique that combines the results of many different studies into a single analysis

Answer 107

A smile that includes contraction of the orbicularis oculi muscles surrounding the eyes, as well as raised lip corners

Answer 108

Wordless vocalizations such as ah or mmm, intended to express a particular emotion

Answer 109

A rare, congenital condition in which people are physically unable to smile

Answer 110

Cues in a research study that reveal what the experimenters hope to find; participants may knowingly or unconsciously comply with these wishes (p. 143) facial feedback hypothesis: the hypothesis that a posed facial expression of emotion can help generate an emotional feeling

Answer 111

A study that attempts to support the theoretical implications of a previous study's findings, but using slightly different method

Answer 112

A new study that uses the same methods as a previous study to see whether the original findings are repeated

Exam 2 Emotion Flashcards

(136 cards)